54
Pediatric reference ranges
54
Pediatric reference ranges
54
Pediatric reference ranges
54
Pediatric reference ranges
D. Klarmann, G. Hintereder, L. Thomas
The reference intervals, orienting ranges and decision limits of laboratory investigations provide physicians with objective data for clinical interpretation of a laboratory result. The combination of presumptive diagnosis with the reference interval based laboratory test result are fundamental for accurate diagnosis and differentiation of medical disorders. The directive 98/79 CE of the European community was imposed on the manufacturers of the diagnostic in vitro industry to provide reference intervals of laboratory reagent kits on the package insert in 1998 /1, 2/. Many international organisations recommended providing such information. In 2005, a joint meeting gathered the Committee on Reference Limits and Decision Limits of the International Federation of Clinical Chemistry (IFCC). It was decided to revise the original document on the determination of reference values published in 1995 by the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS). Finally, the working group was set up with members designated by the Clinical Laboratory Standard Institute (CLSI). The goal of the joint committee was to revise former documents. The updated document was published in 2008 under the guarantee of the IFCC and CSLI and was entitled “Defining, Establishing and Verifying Reference Intervals in the Clinical Laboratory: Approved Guideline – Third Edition – C28-A3“ /3/.
In the document of the IFCC, statistical methods for the determination of reference limits and reference intervals were determined /1/:
Reference intervals may be replaced by decision limits for differentiation of healthy and sick, e.g., LDL-cholesterol, glycated hemoglobin. Continuous reference intervals from birth to adulthood are not available for most laboratory analytes because of ethical and practical constraints of defining reference intervals using a population of healthy community children. Because access to blood samples from healthy children is limited by ethical and practical constraints. Newborn and infant children are most affected by these restrictions /4/.
The following efforts have been made to resolve these issues:
In addition to Tables 54-1 to 54-3 further important reference ranges are given in the literature:
Representations of the reference intervals are provided in Tables 54-1, 54-2, 54-3 and 54-4. The protocol for obtaining reference values and determining reference intervals was not complied with in all studies. With exception of the KIGGS study /5, 16/ no reference ranges according to the recommendations of IFFC are shown. Tables 54-1 to 54-4 show essentially orientational ranges, because important recommendations (patient number, methodology according to CSLI Document C28-3) were not taken into account /4/.
Reference intervals and results of immunoassays of different manufacturers cannot be compared. The authors recommend searching Caliper Pediatric Reference Interval Database for pediatric reference intervals for immunoassay analyzers:
Table 54-1 Reference intervals and orienting ranges of “normal” for clinical chemistry analytes
Tests |
Age |
Sex (M, male; F, female) |
Reference interval |
Median |
Comment |
|
25-0H vitamin D ug/L (nmol/L) |
1.5–2 y |
M |
9.2–51.6 (23–129) |
27.2 (68) |
Children ≥ 1.5 y: Interval of 3% and 97% percentiles of the German survey on children‘s health (KIGGS study) are shown. Laboratory investigations were carried out using Dia Sorin chemiluminescence immunoassay. Samples of children (M = 5108; F = 4908) of representative locations all over Germany were selected. Lit. /5/ |
|
F |
7.6–49.6 (19–124) |
25.6 (64) |
||||
2.5–3 y |
M |
6.8–46.0 (17–115) |
24.8 (62) |
|||
F |
6.8–43.2 (17–108) |
21.6 (54) |
||||
4–6 y |
M |
4.8–41.2 (12–103) |
18.0 (45) |
|||
F |
5.2–39.2 (13–98) |
17.6 (44) |
||||
7–9 y |
M |
4.4–39.2 (11–98) |
17.2 (43) |
|||
F |
4.8–36.0 (12–90) |
16.4 (41) |
||||
10–13 y |
M |
4.8–36.8 (12–92) |
16.8 (42) |
|||
F |
4.0–33.6 (10–84) |
19.6 (49) |
||||
14–17 y |
M |
4.0–40.8 (10–102) |
14.8 (37) |
|||
F |
3.6–48.0 (9–120) |
16.4 (41) |
||||
Alkaline U/l (ukatal/L) |
1–7 d |
M+F |
< 357 (< 5.96) |
d: The ranges are presented. Laboratory investigations were carried out using Dade Behring Dimension RXL. About 60 outpatient and inpatient children were examined. Lit. /11/ y: Interval of 2.5% and 97.5% percentiles. Determination at 37 °C according to IFCC. Samples of 75–142 outpatient and inpatient children were examined. Lit. /12/ |
||
0–1 y |
M+F |
89–370 (1.49–6.2) |
||||
> 1–3 y |
M+F |
91–334 (1.52–5.6) |
||||
4–6 y |
M+F |
97–316 (1.61–5.3) |
||||
7–12 y |
M |
110–316 (1.83–5.3) |
||||
F |
120–340 (2.00–5.7) |
|||||
13–17 y |
M |
75–363 (1.25–6.1) |
||||
F |
49–328 (0.82–5.5) |
|||||
ALT (GPT) U/L (ukatal/L) |
1–7 d |
M+F |
< 54.0 (< 0.90) |
d: The ranges are presented. Laboratory investigations were carried out using Dade Behring Dimension RXL. About 60 outpatient and inpatient children were examined. Lit. /11/ y: Interval of 3% and 97% percentiles. Determination with pyridoxal phosphate at 37 °C according to IFCC. Samples of 75–206 outpatient and inpatient children were examined. Lit. /12/ |
||
0–1 y |
M+F |
4.2–49.2 (0.07–0.82) |
||||
> 1–3 y |
M+F |
6.6–29.4 (0.11–0.49) |
||||
4–6 y |
M+F |
4.8–39.0 (0.08–0.65) |
||||
7–12 y |
M+F |
7.2–43.8 (0.12–0.73) |
||||
13–17 y |
M+F |
7.8–45.0 (0.13–0.75) |
||||
AST (GOT) U/l (ukatal/L) |
1–7 d |
M+F |
< 96 (< 1.60) |
d: The ranges are presented. Laboratory investigations were carried out using Dade Behring Dimension RXL. About 60 outpatient and inpatient children were examined. Lit. /11/ y: Interval of 3% and 97% percentiles. Determination with pyridoxal phosphate at 37 °C according to IFCC. Samples 76–209 outpatient and inpatient children were examined. Lit. /12/ |
||
0–1 y |
M+F |
14.4–77 (0.24–1.29) |
||||
> 1–3 y |
M+F |
19.3–71 (0.32–1.19) |
||||
4–6 y |
M+F |
15.0–53 (0.25–0.89) |
||||
7–12 y |
M+F |
18.6–48 (0.31–0.80) |
||||
13–17 y |
M+F |
15.0–41.4 (0.25–0.69) |
||||
C–reactive mg/dL |
1–7 d |
M+F |
0.27–6.9 |
d + y: Interval of 0% and 95.0% percentiles. Laboratory investigations were carried out using Roche Hitachi 917, standardized according to CRM 470. Samples of 32–113 children were examined. Lit. /21/ |
||
8 d – < 1 y |
M+F |
0.10–3.47 |
||||
1–3 y |
M+F |
0.24–5.88 |
||||
4–6 y |
M+F |
0.29–7.53 |
||||
7–9 y |
M+F |
0.24–4.67 |
||||
10–12 y |
M+F |
0.23–5.71 |
||||
13–15 y |
M+F |
0.13–7.40 |
||||
16–18 y |
M+F |
0.19–5.09 |
||||
Calcium, ionized mg/dL (mmol/L) |
Cord blood |
M+F |
4.72–5.68 (1.18–1.42) |
d + y: Interval of 2.5% and 97.5% percentiles. Laboratory investigations were carried out using ion selective electrode measurement. Lit. /24/ |
||
1 d |
M+F |
3.92–4.88 (0.98–1.28) |
||||
3 d |
M+F |
4.12–4.92(1.02–1.24) |
||||
5 d |
M+F |
4.44–5.28 (1.10–1.38) |
||||
1–20 y |
M+F |
4.14–5.26 (1.05–1.32) |
||||
Calcium, total mg/dL (mmol/L) |
0–5 d |
M+F |
7.9–10.7 (1.96–2.66) |
d: Interval of 2.5% and 97.5% percentiles. Laboratory investigations were carried out using Kodak Ektachem analyzer and ortho-cresolphthalein complexone test. Lit. /23/ y: Interval of 3% and 97% percentiles. Laboratory investigations were carried out using Roche Hitachi 717 and ortho-cresolphthalein complexone test. Samples of (M = 7298; F = 6953) children were examined. Lit. /5/ Taking Abbott Architect as the comparative system and Beckman Coulter, Ortho, Roche and Siemens as the test systems, the value of calcium can not be transferred based on statistical criteria. Lit. /37/ |
||
1.5–2 y |
M+F |
9.8–11.2 (2.40–2.78) |
||||
3–6 y |
M+F |
9.5–11.1 (2.36–2.75) |
||||
7–10 y |
M+F |
9.3–11.0 (2.32–2.74) |
||||
10–14 y |
M+F |
9.3–10.9 (2.33–2.72) |
||||
14–17 y |
M+F |
9.2–10.9 (2.30–2.72) |
||||
Chloride (mmol/L) |
0–7 d |
M+F |
96–111 |
d + m + y: Interval of 2.5% and 97.5% percentiles. Laboratory investigations were carried out using Kodak Ektachem Analyzer. Samples of 100 children were examined in every age group. Lit. /22/ |
||
8 d – 1 m |
M+F |
96–110 |
||||
1–6 m |
M+F |
96–110 |
||||
6 m – 1 y |
M+F |
96–108 |
||||
> 1 y |
M+F |
96–109 |
||||
Cholesterol mg/dL (mmol/L) |
1–2 y |
M+F |
112–199 (2.89–5.15) |
y: Interval of 5% and 95% percentiles of the German survey on children‘s health (KIGGS study) are shown. Laboratory investigations were carried out using Hitachi 917 fully enzymatic cholesterol-oxidase-PAP method. Samples of (M = 5108; F = 4908) children of representative locations all over Germany were selected. Lit. /5/ Consensus: Recommended upper value according to the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) < 200 mg/dl (5.17 mmol/l) |
||
3–6 y |
M+F |
123–213 (3.18–5.51) |
||||
7–10 y |
M+F |
129–213 (3.34–5.51) |
||||
11–13 y |
M+F |
122–211 (3.15–5.46) |
||||
14–17 y |
M+F |
117–212 (3.03–5.48) |
||||
CK U/L (ukatal/L) |
0–90 d |
M |
29–303 (0.48–5.1) |
d, m, y: Interval 2.5% and 97.5% percentiles. Determination at 37 °C according to IFCC. Samples of 60 outpatient and inpatient children were examined in every age group. Lit. /12/ |
||
F |
43–474 (0.72–8.3) |
|||||
3–12 m |
M |
25–172 (0.42–2.9) |
||||
F |
27–242 (0.45–4.0) |
|||||
1–10 y |
M+F |
25–177 (0.42–3.0) |
||||
11–14 y |
M+F |
31–172 (0.52–2.9) |
||||
15–18 y |
M |
28–147 (0.47–2.5) |
||||
F |
31–172 (0.52–2.9) |
|||||
Cortisol (5–11 mg/dL (mmol/L) |
0–24 m |
M+F |
10–34 (28–938) |
m, y: Interval of 2.5% and 97.5% percentiles. Laboratory investigations were carried out using Immu-I-analyzer of Bayer Diagnostics. Samples of 32 outpatient and inpatient children were examined in every age group. Lit. /19/ |
||
2–10 y |
M+F |
10–33 (28–911) |
||||
11–18 y |
M+F |
10–28 (28–733) |
||||
Creatinine mg/dL (umol/L) |
1–7 d |
M+F |
0.20–1.06 (15–80) |
d + y: Interval of 2.5% and 97.5% percentiles. A review compared different creatinine tests. 38–69 outpatient and inpatient children were examined in the age groups. Lit. /17/ |
||
8 d – < 1 y |
M+F |
0.20–0.45 (15–34) |
||||
1–3 y |
M+F |
0.20–0.41 (15–31) |
||||
4–6 y |
M+F |
0.28–0.51 (21–39) |
||||
7–9 y |
M+F |
0.33–0.59 (25–45) |
||||
10–12 y |
M+F |
0.35–0.75 (27–57) |
||||
13–15 y |
M+F |
0.40–0.96 (31–73) |
||||
16–18 y |
M+F |
0.52–0.99 (40–76) |
||||
Ferritin (ug/L) |
0–1 y |
MF |
11.5–327 |
y: Interval of 2.5% and 97.5% percentiles. Laboratory investigations were carried out using Roche Elecsys electrochemiluminescence immunoassay. Samples of 68–139 outpatient and inpatient children were examined. Lit /12/ |
||
> 1–3 y |
MF |
6.6–61 |
||||
4–6 y |
MF |
6.7–60 |
||||
7–12 y |
MF |
11.2–99 |
||||
13–17 y |
MF |
12.3–89 |
||||
Folic acid ug/L (nmol/L) |
< 1 y |
M |
6.3–22.7 (14.3–51.5) |
Children ≥ 1.5 y: Interval of 3% and 97% percentiles of the German survey on children‘s health (KIGGS study) are shown. Laboratory investigations were carried out using Diastat HPLC method. Samples of (M =2525; F = 2380) children of representative locations all over Germany were selected. Lit /5/ |
||
F |
7.2–22.4 (16.3–50.8) |
|||||
2–3 y |
M |
1.7–15.7 (3.9–35.6) |
||||
F |
2.5–15.0 (5.7–34.0) |
|||||
4–6 y |
M |
2.7–14.0 (6.1–31.9) |
||||
F |
2.5–13.0 (5.3–29.4) |
|||||
7–9 y |
M |
2.4–13.4 (5.4–30.4) |
||||
F |
2.3–11.9 (5.2–27.0) |
|||||
10–12 y |
M |
1.0–10.2 (2.3–23.1) |
||||
F |
1.5–10.8 (3.4–24.9) |
|||||
13–18 y |
M |
1.2–7.2 (2.7–16.3) |
||||
F |
1.2–8.8 (2.7–19.9) |
|||||
FT3 ng/L |
3.5–6 y |
M |
3.0–5.1 |
y: Interval of 3.0% and 97.0% percentiles of the German survey on children‘s health (KIGGS study) are shown. Laboratory investigations were carried out using Roche Elecsys electrochemiluminescence immunoassay. Samples of (M = 6723; F = 6365) children of representative locations all over Germany were selected. Lit. /5/ |
||
F |
3.2–5.2 |
|||||
7–10 y |
M |
3.1–5.1 |
||||
F |
3.1–5.2 |
|||||
11–13 y |
M |
3.1–5.3 |
||||
F |
3.1–4.9 |
|||||
14–17 y |
M |
3.3–4.9 |
||||
F |
2.8–4.3 |
|||||
FT4 ug/L |
5 d |
M+F |
13–33 |
d: Interval of 2.5% and 97.5% percentiles. Laboratory investigations were carried out using Abbott IMX microparticle fluorescence immunoassay. Samples of 141 inpatient children were investigated. Lit. /20/ y: Interval of 3.0% and 97.0% percentiles of the German survey on children‘s health (KIGGS study) are shown. Laboratory investigations were carried out using Roche Elecsys electrochemiluminescence immunoassay. Samples of (M = 6771; F = 6362) children of representative locations all over Germany were selected. Lit. /5/ |
||
3.5–6 y |
M |
9.8–15.0 |
||||
F |
9.4–15.4 |
|||||
7–10 y |
M |
9.6–15.2 |
||||
F |
9.8–15.0 |
|||||
11–13 y |
M |
9.4–14.5 |
||||
F |
8.9–14.4 |
|||||
14–17 y |
M |
8.7–16.3 |
||||
F |
8.7–15.0 |
|||||
GGT U/L (ukatal/L) |
1–7 d |
M+F |
18–168 (0.30–2.80) |
d: Interval of 2.5% and 97.5% percentiles. Laboratory investigations were carried out at 37 °C using Dade Behring Dimension RXL. Samples of > 60 inpatient and outpatient children were investigated. Lit. /11/ y: Interval 2.5% and 97.5% percentiles. Determination at 37 °C according to IFCC. Samples of 58–142 outpatient and inpatient children were examined. Lit. /12/ Taking Abbott Architect as the comparative system and Beckman Coulter, Ortho, Roche and Siemens as the test systems the value of GGT can not be transferred based on statistical criteria Lit. /37/ |
||
0–1 y |
M+F |
7.8–178 (0.13–2.97) |
||||
> 1–3 y |
M+F |
2.4–21.0 (0.04–0.35) |
||||
4–6 y |
M+F |
3.0–21.0 (0.05–0.35) |
||||
7–12 y |
M+F |
6.0–24.0 (0.10–0.40) |
||||
13–17 y |
M |
9.0–42.6 (0.15–0.71) |
||||
F |
3.6–25.8 (0.06–0.43) |
|||||
GLD U/L (ukatal/L) |
1–30 d |
M+F |
< 10 (0.17) |
d, m, y: Interval of 2.5% and 97.5% percentiles. Laboratory investigations were carried out at 25 °C according to the German Association of Clinical Chemistry. Samples of 25 outpatient and inpatient children were examined in every age group. Lit. /14/. A conversion of 25 °C to 37 °C was achieved according to Lit. /13/. |
||
1–6 m |
M+F |
< 7 (0.12) |
||||
7–12 m |
M+F |
< 6 (0.10) |
||||
2–3 y |
M+F |
< 4 (0.07) |
||||
4–16 y |
M+F |
< 5 (0.08) |
||||
HbA1C % (mmol HbA1C/ |
1.5–2 y |
M |
3.9–5.6 (19–38) |
4.8 (29) |
From 1.5 y: Interval of 3% and 97% percentiles of the German survey on children‘s health (KIGGS study) are shown. Laboratory investigations were carried out using Diastat HPLC method. Samples of (M =7217: F = 6881) children of representative locations all over Germany were selected. Lit. /5/ |
|
F |
3.7–5.6 (17–38) |
4.7 (28) |
||||
3–6 y |
M |
4.0–5.6 (20–38) |
4.9 (30) |
|||
F |
4.0–5.5 (20–37) |
4.6 (27) |
||||
7–10 y |
M |
4.1–5.7 ( 21–39) |
4.6 (27) |
|||
F |
4.1–5.6 (21–38) |
4.6 (27) |
||||
11–13 y |
M |
4.1–5.7 (21–39) |
4.6 (27) |
|||
F |
4.1–5.6 (21–38) |
4.6 (27) |
||||
14–17 y |
M |
4.1–5.6 (21–38) |
4.9 (30) |
|||
F |
4.1–5.6 (21–38) |
4.8 (29) |
||||
HDL-Cholesterol mg/dL |
1–2 y |
M+F |
28.1–68.6 (0.73–1.77) |
y: Interval of 5% and 95% percentiles of the German survey on children‘s health (KIGGS study) are shown. Laboratory investigations were carried out using Hitachi 917 fully enzymatic cholestrol-oxidase-PAP method. Samples of (M =7297; F = 6952) children of representative locations all over Germany were selected. Lit. /5/ Consensus: Low HDL-cholesterol according to the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) < 35 mg/dl (0.91 mmol/l). |
||
3–6 y |
M+F |
35.2–77.4 (0.91–2.00) |
||||
7–10 y |
M+F |
39.6–81.7 (1.02–2.11) |
||||
11–13 y |
M+F |
38.3–80.9 (0.90–2.09) |
||||
14–17 y |
M+F |
36.5–77.4 (0.94–2.00) |
||||
Homocysteine (umol/L) |
1.5–2 y |
M |
3.8–9.9 |
6.1 |
From 1.5 y: Interval of 3% and 97% percentiles of the German survey on children‘s health (KIGGS study) are shown. Laboratory investigations were carried out using Abbott IMX fluorescence particle immunoassay. Samples of (M = 7159; F = 6809) children of representative locations all over Germany were selected. Lit. /5/ |
|
F |
3.6–8.7 |
5.8 |
||||
3–6 y |
M |
3.7–8.8 |
5.7 |
|||
F |
3.6–8.3 |
5.6 |
||||
7–10 y |
M |
4.1–9.8 |
6.3 |
|||
F |
3.9–9.5 |
6.1 |
||||
11–13 y |
M |
4.6–12.1 |
7.2 |
|||
F |
4.3–11.0 |
6.3 |
||||
14–17 y |
M |
5.2–19.8 |
8.8 |
|||
F |
4.6–13.4 |
7.8 |
||||
Iron ug/dL (umol/L) |
Up to 2 y |
M |
12–133 (2.1–23.8) |
y: Interval of 5% and 95% percentiles of the German survey on children‘s health (KIGGS study) are shown. Laboratory investigations were carried out using Hitachi 917 ferrozin method. Samples of (M = 7292; F = 6948) children of representative locations all over Germany were selected. Lit. /5/ |
||
F |
19–140 (3.4–25.1) |
|||||
3–6 y |
M |
17–142 (3.0–25.4) |
||||
F |
21–139 (3.8–24.9) |
|||||
7–10 y |
M |
26–138 (4.7–24.7) |
||||
F |
28–137 (5.0–24.5) |
|||||
11–13 y |
M |
32–150 (5.5–26.9) |
||||
F |
33–148 (5.8–26.4) |
|||||
14–17 y |
M |
36–195 (6.4–35.0) |
||||
F |
29–173 (5.2–30.9) |
|||||
Lactate U/L (ukatal/L) |
0–1 y |
M+F |
196–438 (3.27–7.3) |
y: Interval of 2.5% and 97.5% percentiles o f the German survey on children‘s health (KIGGS study) are shown. Laboratory investigations were carried out at 37 °C according to IFCC. Samples of 75–204 inpatient and outpatient children were investigated. Lit. /12/ |
||
> 1–3 y |
M+F |
105–338 (1.75–5.6) |
||||
4–6 y |
M+F |
107–314 (1.78–5.2) |
||||
7–12 y |
M+F |
112–307 (1.87–5.1) |
||||
13–17 y |
M+F |
115–287 (1.94–4.78) |
||||
LDL-Cholesterol mg/dL (mmol/L) |
1–2 y |
M+F |
55–134 (1.422–3.46) |
y: Interval of 5% and 95% percentiles of the German survey on children‘s health (KIGGS study) are shown. Laboratory investigations were carried out using Roche Hitachi 917 fully enzymatic cholesterol oxidase-PAP method. Samples of (M = 7291; F = 6942) children of representative locations all over Germany were selected. Lit. /5/ Consensus: Normal LDL-cholesterol according to the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) < 130 mg/dl (3.36 mmol/l). |
||
3–6 y |
M+F |
60–141 (1.552–3.65) |
||||
7–10 y |
M+F |
60–138 (1.552–3.57) |
||||
11–13 y |
M+F |
55–136 (1.422–3.52) |
||||
14–17 y |
M+F |
54–135 (1.396–3.49) |
||||
Lipase U/L (ukatal/L) |
< 1 y |
M+F |
0–29 (0–0.49) |
y: Interval of 2.5% and 97.5% percentiles. The method at 37 °C using Hitachi 917 analyzer is based on the splitting of methylresorufinester. Samples of 40–121 inpatient and outpatient children were invetigated in the age groups. Lit. /15/ |
||
1–12 y |
M+F |
10–37 (0.17–0.61) |
||||
13–18 y |
M+F |
11–46 (0.19–0.76) |
||||
Magnesium mg/dL |
Newborn |
M+F |
1.1–2.6 (0.45–1.07) |
y: Interval of 3% and 97% percentiles of the German survey on children‘s health (KIGGS study) are shown. Laboratory investigations were carried out using Roche Hitachi 917 xylidylblue method. Samples of (M = 7279; F = 6932) children of representative locations all over Germany were selected. Lit. /5/ Taking Abbott Architect as the comparative system and Beckman Coulter, Ortho, Roche and Siemens as the test systems the value of magnesium can not be transferred based on statistical criteria Lit. /37/ |
||
1.5–2 y |
M |
1.1–2.1 (0.45–0.82) |
||||
F |
1.1–2.1 (0.45–0.82) |
|||||
3–17 y |
M+F |
1.1–2.1 (0.45–0.82) |
||||
Pankreatic (U/L) |
< 1 y |
M+F |
0–8 (0–0.13) |
y: Interval of 2.5% and 97.5% percentiles. The method at 37 °C using Roche Hitachi 917 analyzer is based on G7 amylase method according to IFCC. Samples of 40–121 inpatient and outpatient children were investigated. Lit. /15/ |
||
1–12 y |
M+F |
5–31 (0.09–0.52) |
||||
10–18 y |
M+F |
7–39 (0.11–0.65) |
||||
Phosphor mg/dL |
1–30 d |
M+F |
3.9–7.7 (1.25–2.50) |
d, m: Ammonium phosphomolybdat method. Lit. /34/ y: Interval of 3% and 97% percentiles of the German survey on children‘s health (KIGGS study) are shown. Laboratory investigations were carried out using Roche Hitachi 917 ammonium phosphomolybdat method. Samples of (M = 7294; F = 6944) children of representative locations all over Germany were selected. Lit. /5/ Taking Abbott Architect as the comparative system and Beckman Coulter, Ortho, Roche and Siemens as the test systems the value of phosphor can not be transferred based on statistical criteria Lit. /37/ |
||
1–12 m |
M+F |
3.5–6.6 (1.15–2.15) |
||||
1.5–2 y |
M |
4.7–6.6 (1.51–2.15) |
||||
F |
4.6–6.6 (1.49–2.15) |
|||||
3–6 y |
M |
4.4–6.2 (1.41–1.99) |
||||
F |
4.4–6.2 (1.42–1.99) |
|||||
7–10 y |
M |
4.3–5.9 (1.39–1.91) |
||||
F |
4.2–6.0 (1.37–1.93) |
|||||
11–13 y |
M |
4.1–5.8 (1.32–1.87) |
||||
F |
4.1–6.2 (1.32–1.99) |
|||||
14–17 y |
M |
3.9–5.3 (1.27–1.71) |
||||
F |
3.6–5.0 (1.16–1.61) |
|||||
Potassium (mmol/L) |
0–7 d |
M+F |
3.2–5.5 |
d, m, y: Interval of 2.5% and 97.5% percentiles. Laboratory investigations were carried out using Kodak Ektachem Analyzer. Samples of 100 inpatient children were investigated. Lit. /22/ |
||
8 d – 1 m |
M+F |
3.4–6.0 |
||||
1–6 m |
M+F |
3.5–5.6 |
||||
6 m– 1 y |
M+F |
3.5–5.1 |
||||
> 1 y |
M+F |
3.3–4.6 |
||||
Protein (total) (g/L) |
1.5–2 y |
M+F |
61–76 |
y: Interval of 2.5% and 97.5% percentiles. Laboratory investigations were carried out using Roche Hitachi 917 Biuret reaction without deproteinization of serum. Samples of (M = 7254; F = 6905) children of representative locations all over Germany were selected. Lit. /5/ |
||
3–6 y |
M+F |
63–81 |
||||
7–10 y |
M+F |
66–82 |
||||
11–13 y |
M+F |
68–83 |
||||
14–17 y |
M+F |
68–85 |
||||
Selen umol/L |
< 30 d |
M+F |
0.19–1.35 |
d, m, y: Interval of 2.5% and 97.5% percentiles. Laboratory investigations were carried out using elektrothermal atomic absorption spektrophotometry (ET-AAS). Samples of (M = 532; F = 478) children were investigated. Lit. /35/ |
||
1–2 m |
M+F |
0.19–1.27 |
||||
2–4 m |
M+F |
0.13–1.18 |
||||
4–12 m |
M+F |
0.17–1.47 |
||||
1–5 y |
M+F |
0.43–1.63 |
||||
5–18 y |
M+F |
0.53–1.57 |
||||
Sodium (mmol/L) |
0–7 d |
M+F |
133–146 |
d, m, y: Interval of 2.5% and 97.5% percentiles. Laboratory investigations were carried out using Kodak Ektachem Analyzer. Samples of 100 children were investigated in every age group. Lit. /22/ |
||
8 d – 1 m |
M+F |
134–144 |
||||
1–6 m |
M+F |
134–142 |
||||
6 m – 1 y |
M+F |
133–142 |
||||
> 1 y |
M+F |
134–143 |
||||
Soluble mg/L |
0–1 y |
M+F |
1.55–5.7 |
y: Interval of 2.5% and 97.5% percentiles of the German survey on children‘s health (KIGGS study) are shown. Laboratory investigations were carried out using Roche Elecsys electrochemiluminescence immunoassay. Samples of 46–189 inpatient and outpatient children were investigated. Lit. /12/ |
||
> 1–3 y |
M+F |
1.65–5.6 |
||||
4–6 y |
M+F |
1.47–5.4 |
||||
7–12 y |
M+F |
1.95–5.5 |
||||
13–17 y |
M+F |
1.76–5.9 |
||||
Trace elements |
M+F |
Cobalt (Co) |
< 1 ug/L |
Expected values for adults and children: Lit. /18/ |
||
M+F |
Chromium (Cr) |
< 1 ug/L |
||||
M+F |
Copper (Cu) |
1 mg/L |
||||
M+F |
Iron |
1 mg/L |
||||
M+F |
Manganese (Mn) |
< 1 ug/L |
||||
M+F |
Molybdenum (Mo) |
< 1 ug/L |
||||
M+F |
Nickel (Ni) |
< 1 ug/L |
||||
M+F |
Selenium (Se) |
80 ug/L |
||||
M+F |
Silicon (Si) |
< 10 ug/L |
||||
M+F |
Tin (Sn) |
< 1 ug/L |
||||
M+F |
Vanadium (V) |
< 1 ug/L |
||||
M+F |
Zink (Zn) |
1 mg/l |
||||
Triglycerides mg/dL |
1–2 y |
M+F |
45–247 (0.51–2.82) |
y: Interval of 5% and 95% perzentiles of the German survey on children‘s health (KIGGS study) are shown. Laboratory investigations were carried out using Roche Hitachi 717 GPO-PAP method. Samples of (M 89-100; F 92-101) children of representative locations all over Germany were selected. Lit. /16/ Consensus: Normal triglycerides according to the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) < 150 mg/dl (1.71 mmol/l). |
||
3–6 y |
M+F |
42–220 (0.47–2.52) |
||||
7–10 y |
M+F |
42–217 (0.47–2.48) |
||||
11–13 y |
M+F |
42–227 (0.47–2.59) |
||||
14–17 y |
M+F |
44–235 (0.50–2.67) |
||||
TSH mU/L |
5 d |
M+F |
0.5–7.9 |
d: Interval of 2.5% and 97.5% percentiles. Laboratory investigations were carried out using Abbott IMX micro particle fluorescence Immunoassay. Samples of 141 inpatient children were investigated. Lit. /20/ y: Interval of 3.0% and 97.0% percentiles of the German survey on children‘s health (KIGGS study) are shown. Laboratory investigations were carried out using Roche Elecsys electrochemiluminescence immunoassay. Samples of (M = 6723; F = 6366) children of representative locations all over Germany were selected. Lit. /5/ |
||
3.5–6 y |
M |
1.0–5.5 |
||||
F |
1.0–5.2 |
|||||
7–10 y |
M |
1.0–5.2 |
||||
F |
1.0–5.2 |
|||||
11–13 y |
M |
0.9–4.8 |
||||
F |
0.9–4.5 |
|||||
14–17 y |
M |
0.8–4.0 |
||||
F |
0.7–4.0 |
|||||
Uric acid mg/dL |
1–30 d |
M |
1.0–4.6 (59–271) |
Up to 1 y: Interval of 2.5% and 97.5% percentiles. Laboratory investigations were carried out at 37 °C using Dade Behring Dimension RXL uricase-PAP method. Samples of > 100 inpatient and outpatient children were investigated in every age group. Lit. /19/ (Abstract) |
||
F |
1.2–3.9 (71–232) |
|||||
31 d–1 y |
M |
1.1–5.4 (65–319) |
||||
F |
1.2–5.6 (71–330) |
|||||
1.5–3 y |
M+F |
2.2–5.2 (131–309) |
3.6 (214) |
From 1.5 y: Interval of 3% and 97% percentiles of the German survey on children‘s health (KIGGS study) are shown. Laboratory investigations were carried out using Roche Hitachi 917 uricase PAP reaction. Samples of (M =7298; F = 6951) children of representative locations all over Germany were selected. Lit. /5/ |
||
3–6 J |
M+F |
2.3–5.3 (137–315) |
3.6 (214) |
|||
7–10 y |
M |
2.3–5.6 (137–333) |
3.7 (220) |
|||
F |
2.4–5.7 (143–339) |
3.8 (226) |
||||
11–14 y |
M |
2.5–7.7 (149–458) |
4.6 (274) |
|||
F |
2.6–6.2 (155–369) |
4.3 (256) |
||||
15–17 y |
M |
3.7–8.0 (220–476) |
5.1 (303) |
|||
F |
2.8–6.0 (167–357) |
4.2 (250) |
||||
Vitamin B12 ng/L (pmol/L) |
0–1 y |
M |
293–1210 (216–891) |
Up to 1 y: Interval of 2.5% and 97.5% percentiles. Lit. /36/ From 3.5 y: Interval of 3% and 97% percentiles of the German survey on children‘s health (KIGGS study) are shown. Laboratory investigations were carried out using Roche Elecsys electrochemiluminescence immunoassay. Samples of (M = 6349; F = 6701) children of representative locations all over Germany were selected. Lit. /5/ |
||
F |
228–1515 (168–1118) |
|||||
3.5–6 y |
M |
457–1825 (338–1347) |
991 (738) |
|||
F |
484–1882 (357–1340) |
1009 (745) |
||||
7–10 y |
M |
427–1610 (315–1188) |
890 (675) |
|||
F |
427–1562 (319–1153) |
874 (645) |
||||
11–13 y |
M |
366–1322 (270–976) |
740 (546) |
|||
F |
360–1397 (262–1031) |
738 (545) |
||||
14–17 y |
M |
291–1154 (215–852) |
587 (433) |
|||
F |
291–1167 (215–861) |
602 (444) |
||||
Calcitonin (pg/mL) |
0–1 y |
M + F |
155 |
Immunometric assay using Immulite XPi 2000; Siemens. Presented are the mean serum concentrations published in Reference /48/. Elevated serum calcitonin is an indicator of hereditary medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) caused by germline mutations of the RET protooncogene /49/. |
||
1–2 y |
M + F |
126 |
||||
2–3 y |
M + F |
M 119/F 74 |
||||
3–4 y |
M + F |
89 |
||||
4–5 y |
M + F5 |
M 130/F 95 |
||||
5–6 y |
M + F |
M 114/F 93 |
||||
6–7 y |
M + F |
M 86/F 105 |
||||
7–8 y |
M + F |
M 97/F 90 |
||||
8–9 y |
M + F |
M 61/F 80 |
||||
9–10 y |
M + F |
M 65/F 73 |
Table 54-2 Reference intervals and orienting ranges of “normal” for hematological analytes
Parameter |
Age (d, days; w, weeks; m, months; y, years) |
Sex (M, male; F, female) |
Median |
Reference interval |
Comment |
|
Eosinophil |
Fetuses |
Up to week 27: Interval of 2.5% and 97.5% percentiles. Laboratory investigation was carried out using Coulter S Plus II. Samples of 17 fetuses were investigated. Lit. /30/ |
||||
|
M+F |
0.02 |
< 0.06 |
|||
|
M+F |
0.08 |
< 0.10 |
|||
Newborn |
M+F |
0.4 |
< 1.00 |
|||
Children |
From the age of 4 years: Interval of 3% and 97% percentiles. Laboratory investigations were carried out using Coulter STKR. Samples of 25–108 children were investigated. Lit. /31/ |
|||||
|
M+F |
0.24 |
0.06–0.90 |
|||
|
M+F |
0.27 |
0.08–1.0 |
|||
|
M+F |
0.21 |
0.06–1.12 |
|||
|
M+F |
0.18 |
0.05–0.61 |
|||
|
M+F |
0.17 |
0.05–0.57 |
|||
Erythrocyte |
Fetuses |
Up to week 17: Interval of 2.5% and 97.5% percentiles. Laboratory investigations were carried out using Coulter S plus. Samples of 116 fetuses were investigated .Lit. /26/ |
||||
|
M+F |
2.2–3.2 |
||||
|
M+F |
2.3–3.2 |
||||
|
M+F |
2.6–3.6 |
||||
|
M+F |
2.4–3.8 |
Up to 30 weeks: Interval of 2.5% and 97.5% percentiles. Laboratory investigation was carried out using Coulter S plus II .Samples of 2860 fetuses were investigated. Lit. /27/ |
|||
|
M+F |
2.7–4.3 |
||||
|
M+F |
2.5–5.1 |
||||
|
M+F |
4.3–6.3 |
||||
Children |
Up to 12 months: Interval of 2.5% and 97.5% percentiles. Laboratory investigation was carried out using Coulter S plus II. Capillary blood of 440 children was investigated. Lit. /28/ |
|||||
|
M+F |
3.9–5.9 |
||||
|
M+F |
3.3–5.3 |
||||
|
M+F |
3.1–4.3 |
||||
|
M+F |
3.5–5.1 |
||||
|
M+F |
3.9–5.5 |
||||
|
M+F |
4.0–5.3 |
||||
|
M+F |
4.5 |
3.7–5.3 |
|||
|
M+F |
4.6 |
4.0–5.1 |
From the age of 1.5 years: Interval of 3% and 97% percentiles of the German survey on children‘s health (KIGGS study) are shown. Laboratory investigation was carried out using Abbott Cell-Dyn 3500. Samples of (M = 7204; F = 6869) children of representative locations all over Germany were investigated. Lit. /5/. |
||
|
M |
4.6 |
4.0–5.1 |
|||
F |
4.7 |
4.0–5.1 |
||||
|
M |
4.6 |
4.0–5.2 |
|||
F |
4.7 |
4.0–5.1 |
||||
|
M |
4.6 |
4.1–5.3 |
|||
F |
5.0 |
4.1–5.3 |
||||
|
M |
4.5 |
4.2–5.7 |
|||
F |
4.5 |
4.0–5.0 |
||||
Hematocrit |
Fetuses |
Up to 1.5 years: Interval of 2.5% and 97.5% percentiles. Laboratory investigation was carried out using Coulter S plus II. Capillary blood of 116 fetuses was investigated. Lit. /25, 26/. In a study /38/ the effect of prenatal age on hematocrit is described between 22 and 40 weeks. For every week advance in gestational age (GA) the hematocrit increased according to the formula hematocrit = 0.2859 + (GA × 0.006359). |
||||
|
M+F |
0.28–0.42 |
||||
|
M+F |
0.34–0.42 |
||||
|
M+F |
0.31–0.43 |
||||
|
M+F |
0.31–0.45 |
||||
|
M+F |
0.31–0.47 |
||||
|
M+F |
0.32–0.50 |
||||
|
M+F |
0.30–0.58 |
||||
Cord blood |
M+F |
0.48–0.56 |
||||
Children |
||||||
|
M+F |
0.44–0.68 |
||||
|
M+F |
0.40–0.70 |
||||
|
M+F |
0.38–0.70 |
||||
|
M+F |
0.38–0.60 |
||||
|
M+F |
0.36–0.46 |
||||
|
M+F |
0.30–0.38 |
||||
|
M+F |
35 |
0.35–0.43 |
|||
|
M |
35 |
0.31–0.39 |
From the age of 1.5 years: Interval of 3% and 97% percentiles of the German survey on children‘s health (KIGGS study) are shown. Laboratory investigation was carried out using Abbott Cell-Dyn 3500. Samples of (M = 7206; F = 6870) children of representative locations all over Germany were investigated. Lit. /5/. |
||
F |
35 |
0.31–0.39 |
||||
|
M |
35 |
0.32–0.42 |
|||
F |
36 |
0.32–0.40 |
||||
|
M |
36 |
0.33–0.42 |
|||
F |
36 |
0.33–0.42 |
||||
|
M |
40 |
0.34–0.44 |
|||
F |
38 |
0.34–0.43 |
||||
|
M |
42 |
0.36–0.48 |
|||
F |
39 |
0.35–0.44 |
||||
Hemoglobin g/dL (mmol/L) |
Fetuses |
Up to week 17: Interval of 2.5% and 97.5% percentiles. Laboratory investigation was carried out using Coulter S plus cyanomethemoglobin method. Capillary blood of 116 fetuses was investigated. Lit. /26/ |
||||
|
M+F |
10.9 (6.77) |
9.5–12.3 (5.90–7.64) |
|||
|
M+F |
12.5 (7.76) |
10.9–14.1 (6.77–8.76) |
|||
|
M+F |
12.4 (7.70) |
10.6–14.0 (6.58–8.69) |
|||
|
M+F |
11.7 (7.27) |
9.5–14.1 (5.90–8.76) |
Up to week 30: Interval of 2.5% and 97.5% percentiles. Laboratory investigation was carried out using Coulter S plus cyanomethemoglobin method. Samples of capillary blood of 2860 fetuses was investigated. Lit. /27/ In a study /38/ the effect of prenatal age on hemoglobin is described between 22 and 40 weeks. For every week advance in gestational age (GA) the hemoglobin concentration in the blood increased according to the formula hemoglobin = 9.92 + (GA × 0.2087) |
||
|
M+F |
12.2 (7.57) |
9.4–14.7 (5.84–9.13) |
|||
|
M+F |
12.9 (8.01) |
10.1–15.7 (6.27–9.75) |
|||
|
M+F |
13.6 (8.45) |
9.2–18.0 (5.71–11.18) |
|||
Cord blood |
M+F |
13.5–20.7 (8.38–12.86) |
||||
Children |
Up to 13.5 months: Interval of 2.5% and 97.5% percentiles. Laboratory investigation was carried out using Coulter S plus cyanomethemoglobin method. Samples of capillary blood of 760 children were investigated. Lit. /29/ |
|||||
|
M+F |
15.0–24.0 (9.32–14.90) |
||||
|
M+F |
12.7–18.1 (7.89–11.24) |
||||
|
M+F |
10.3–17.9 (6.40–11.12) |
||||
|
M+F |
9.0–16.6 (5.59–10.31) |
||||
|
M+F |
9.2–15.0 (5.71–9.32) |
||||
|
M+F |
9.6–12.8 (5.96–7.95) |
||||
|
M+F |
10.1–12.9 (6.27–8.01) |
||||
|
M+F |
10.5–12.9 (6.52–8.01) |
||||
|
M+F |
10.7–11.3 (6.64–7.02) |
||||
|
M+F |
10.8–12.8 (6.71–7.95) |
From the age of 1.5 years: Interval of 3% and 97% percentiles of the German survey on children‘s health (KIGGS study) are shown. Laboratory investigations were carried out using Abbott Cell-Dyn 3500 cyanomethemoglobin method. Samples of (M = 7205 and F = 6870) children of representative locations all over Germany were investigated. Lit. /5/. |
|||
|
M |
12.3 (7.64) |
10.5–13.8 (6.52–8.57) |
|||
F |
12.3 (7.64) |
10.6–13.7 (6.58–8.51) |
||||
|
M |
12.8 (7.95) |
11.2–14.3 (6.96–8.88) |
|||
F |
12.7 (7.89) |
11.2–14.2 (6.96–8.82) |
||||
|
M |
13.2 (8.20) |
11.6–15.0 (7.20–9.32) |
|||
F |
12.6 (7.82) |
11.6–14.5 (7.20–9.00) |
||||
|
M |
14.5 (9.00) |
12.1–17.0 (7.51–10.56) |
|||
F |
13.7 (8.51) |
11.6–14.8 (7.20–9.19) |
||||
Leukocyte |
Fetuses |
Fetuses and newborn: Interval of 2.5% and 97.5% percentiles. Laboratory investigation was carried out using Coulter S Plus. Samples of of 17 fetuses were investigated. Lit. /29/ |
||||
|
M+F |
3.1–6.3 |
||||
|
M+F |
2.5–6.2 |
||||
Newborn |
M+F |
8.1–20.1 |
||||
Children |
From the age of 4: Interval of 3% and 97% percentiles Laboratory investigation was carried out using Coulter STKR. Samples of 25–108 children were investigated. Lit. /30/ |
|||||
|
M |
7.5 |
4.8–11.5 |
|||
F |
7.0 |
5.0–12.1 |
||||
|
M |
7.0 |
4.5–10.5 |
|||
F |
7.4 |
5.2–11.7 |
||||
|
M |
6.2 |
4.4–10.6 |
|||
F |
6.9 |
4.7–10.0 |
||||
|
M |
6.1 |
4.0–9.6 |
|||
F |
6.7 |
4.8–10.4 |
||||
|
M |
6.0 |
4.2–9.3 |
|||
F |
6.6 |
4.5–10.7 |
||||
|
M |
6.1 |
4.2–12.2 |
|||
|
F |
6.9 |
4.2–10.6 |
|||
Lymphocyte |
Fetuses |
Fetuses and newborn: Interval of 2.5% and 97.5% percentiles. Laboratory investigation was carried out using Coulter S Plus. Samples of of 17 fetuses were investigated. Lit. /29/ |
||||
|
M+F |
1.9 |
0.5–3.3 |
|||
|
M+F |
2.6 |
1.2–4.0 |
|||
Newborn |
M+F |
5.6 |
3.6–7.6 |
|||
Children |
From the age of 4: Interval of 3% and 97% percentiles Laboratory investigation was carried out using Coulter STKR. Samples of 25–108 children were investigated. Lit. /30/ |
|||||
|
M+F |
2.2 |
1.7–4.2 |
|||
|
M+F |
2.6 |
1.7–4.1 |
|||
|
M |
2.4 |
1.6–4.0 |
|||
F |
2.4 |
1.7–3.9 |
||||
|
M+F |
2.3 |
1.5–3.7 |
|||
|
M+F |
2.4 |
1.4–3.6 |
|||
|
M+F |
2.2 |
1.3–3.4 |
|||
|
M+F |
2.2 |
1.3–3.0 |
|||
Mean cellular |
Blood cord |
M+F |
310–350 |
|||
Children |
Up to year 3: Interval of 2.5% and 97.5% percentiles. Laboratory investigation was carried out using Coulter S Plus. Samples of 2860 children were investigated. Lit. /23/ |
|||||
|
M+F |
310–350 |
||||
|
M+F |
260–340 |
||||
|
M+F |
250–340 |
||||
|
M+F |
260–340 |
||||
|
M+F |
260–340 |
||||
|
M+F |
260–340 |
||||
|
M+F |
280–320 |
||||
|
M+F |
280–320 |
||||
|
M+F |
260–340 |
||||
|
M |
341 |
322–355 |
From the age of 3 years: Interval of 3% and 97% percentiles of the German survey on children‘s health (KIGGS study) are shown. Laboratory investigation was carried out using Abbott Cell-Dyn 3500 method. Samples of (M = 7206 ; F = 6870) children of representative locations all over Germany were investigated. Lit. /5/. |
||
F |
339 |
323–355 |
||||
|
M |
347 |
325–356 |
|||
F |
349 |
325–355 |
||||
|
M |
341 |
326–356 |
|||
F |
345 |
325–354 |
||||
|
M |
342 |
327–357 |
|||
F |
339 |
325–353 |
||||
Mean |
Fetuses |
Up to week 17: Interval of 2.5% and 97.5% percentiles. Laboratory investigation was carried out using Coulter S Plus. Samples of 15–21 fetuses were investigated. Lit. /21/ |
||||
|
M+F |
127–159 |
||||
|
M+F |
119–167 |
||||
|
M+F |
121–153 |
||||
|
M+F |
119–143 |
Up to week 30: Interval of 2.5% and 97.5% percentiles. Laboratory investigation was carried out using Coulter S Plus. Samples of 2860 fetuses were investigated. Lit. /26/ |
|||
|
M+F |
109–141 |
||||
|
M+F |
103–134 |
||||
|
M+F |
97–132 |
||||
Children |
Up to 13.5 months: Interval of 2.5% and 97.5% percentiles. Laboratory investigation was carried out using Coulter S Plus. Samples of 2860 fetuses were investigated. Lit. /27/ |
|||||
|
M+F |
98–122 |
||||
|
M+F |
84–128 |
||||
|
M+F |
82–126 |
||||
|
M+F |
81–121 |
||||
|
M+F |
77–113 |
||||
|
M+F |
73–109 |
||||
|
M+F |
74–106 |
||||
|
M+F |
74–102 |
||||
|
M+F |
73–101 |
From year 1.5: Interval of 3% and 97% percentiles of the German survey on children‘s health (KIGGS study) are shown. Laboratory investigation was carried out using Abbott Cell-Dyn 3500 method. Samples of (M = 7204 ; F = 6869) children of representative locations all over Germany were investigated. Lit. /5/. |
|||
|
M |
80 |
71–86 |
|||
F |
81 |
72–86 |
||||
|
M |
82 |
75–88 |
|||
F |
83 |
75–89 |
||||
|
M |
83 |
77–89 |
|||
F |
84 |
77–90 |
||||
|
M |
85 |
78–93 |
|||
F |
86 |
78–93 |
||||
Mean cellular |
Fetuses |
Up to year 3: Interval of 2.5% and 97.5% percentiles. Laboratory investigation was carried out using Coulter S Plus. Samples of 2860 children were investigated. Lit. /27/ |
||||
|
M+F |
127–159 |
||||
|
M+F |
119–167 |
||||
|
M+F |
121–153 |
||||
|
M+F |
119–143 |
||||
|
M+F |
109–141 |
||||
|
M+F |
103–134 |
||||
|
M+F |
97–132 |
||||
Children |
||||||
|
M+F |
101–125 |
||||
|
M+F |
98–122 |
||||
|
M+F |
84–128 |
||||
|
M+F |
82–126 |
||||
|
M+F |
81–121 |
||||
|
M+F |
77–113 |
||||
|
M+F |
73–109 |
||||
|
M+F |
74–106 |
||||
|
M+F |
74–102 |
||||
|
M+F |
73–101 |
||||
|
M |
80 |
71–86 |
From the age of 4 years: Interval of 3% and 97% percentiles of the German survey on children‘s health (KIGGS study) are shown. Laboratory investigation was carried out using Abbott Cell-Dyn 3500 method. Samples of (M = 7206 ; F = 6870) children of representative locations all over Germany were investigated. Lit. /5/. |
||
F |
81 |
72–86 |
||||
|
M |
82 |
75–88 |
|||
F |
83 |
75–89 |
||||
|
M |
83 |
77–89 |
|||
F |
84 |
77–90 |
||||
|
M |
85 |
78–93 |
|||
F |
86 |
78–93 |
||||
Monocyte |
Fetuses |
Fetuses and newborn: Interval of 2.5% and 97.5% percentiles. Laboratory investigation was carried out using Coulter S Plus. Samples of 17 children of every age group were investigated. Lit. /29/ |
||||
|
M+F |
0.1 |
< 0.30 |
|||
|
M+F |
0.2 |
< 0.40 |
|||
Newborn |
M+F |
0.9 |
0.1–1.7 |
|||
Children |
From the age of 4 years: Interval of 3% and 97% percentiles. Laboratory investigation was carried out using Coulter S Plus. Samples of 25–108 children were investigated. Lit. /30/ |
|||||
|
M+F |
0.62 |
0.33–1.16 |
|||
|
M+F |
0.60 |
0.33–1.21 |
|||
|
M+F |
0.58 |
0.33–1.00 |
|||
|
M |
0.55 |
0.31–0.92 |
|||
F |
0.61 |
0.36–1.00 |
||||
|
M |
0.53 |
0.26–0.87 |
|||
F |
0.59 |
0.38–1.00 |
||||
|
M |
0.55 |
0.33–0.86 |
|||
F |
0.65 |
0.35–1.06 |
||||
Neutrophil |
Fetuses |
Fetuses and newborn: Interval of 2.5% and 97.5% percentiles. Laboratory investigation was carried out using Coulter S Plus. Samples of 17 children of every age group were investigated. Lit. /29/ |
||||
|
M+F |
0.2 |
0.1–0.3 |
|||
|
M+F |
0.2 |
0.1–0.3 |
|||
Newborn |
M+F |
6.5 |
3.1–9.9 |
|||
Children |
From the age of 4 years: Interval of 2.5% and 97.5% percentiles. Laboratory investigation was carried out using Coulter S Plus. Samples of 25–108 children were investigated Lit. /30/ |
|||||
|
M+F |
3.2 |
1.8–7.6 |
|||
|
M+F |
3.4 |
1.8–7.4 |
|||
|
M |
2.7 |
1.7–6.1 |
|||
F |
3.2 |
1.7–6.4 |
||||
|
M |
2.7 |
1.6–5.6 |
|||
F |
2.7 |
1.6–5.6 |
||||
|
M |
2.6 |
1.7–5.4 |
|||
F |
3.3 |
1.8–7.2 |
||||
|
M |
2.9 |
1.8–6.1 |
|||
F |
3.4 |
1.8–6.5 |
||||
Reticulocyte |
Absolute |
Relative (%) |
* Absolute and relative values. Laboratory investigation was carried out using FACS Calibur. Samples of 14–63 children in every age group were determined. Lit. /28/. ** Absolute and relative values. Laboratory investigation was carried out using Sysmex R-1000. Samples of 30–750 children in every age group were determined. Lit. /28/. |
|||
|
M+F |
239–404* |
1.6–8.3 |
|||
|
M+F |
46–138* |
1.1–3.0 |
|||
|
M+F |
50–141* |
1.1–5.0 |
|||
|
M+F |
45–163* |
0.95–.03 |
|||
|
M+F |
55–154* |
1.18–3.78 |
|||
|
M+F |
59–146* |
1.32–4.91 |
|||
|
M+F |
49–150** |
1.1–5.5 |
|||
|
M+F |
40–171** |
0.9–6.5 |
|||
|
M+F |
50–65** |
0.6–1.9 |
|||
Thrombocyte |
Fetuses |
Fetuses and newborn: Interval of 2.5% and 97.5% percentiles.Laboratory investigation was carried out using Coulter S Plus. Samples of 17 children in every age group were investigated. Lit. /29/ According to a study /39/ platelet counts increased with advancing gestational age (GA). At GA of 22 weeks the thrombocyte count of 200 × 109/l increased in mean platelet count by 2089/ul every week.. |
||||
|
M+F |
123–237 |
||||
|
M+F |
176–260 |
||||
Newborn |
M+F |
214–381 |
||||
Children |
From the age of 4 years: Interval of 3% and 97% percentiles. Laboratory investigation was carried out using Coulter S Plus. Samples of 40–107 children were investigated in every age group. Lit. /30/ |
|||||
|
M |
259 |
256–351 |
|||
F |
268 |
265–382 |
||||
|
M |
250 |
248–349 |
|||
F |
253 |
253–257 |
||||
|
M |
246 |
180–349 |
|||
F |
234 |
159–361 |
||||
|
M |
240 |
171–343 |
|||
F |
239 |
195–321 |
||||
|
M |
246 |
162–310 |
|||
F |
247 |
178–307 |
||||
|
M |
230 |
148–355 |
|||
F |
242 |
180–314 |
||||
|
M |
234 |
159–342 |
|||
F |
243 |
162–317 |
||||
|
M |
233 |
159–342 |
|||
F |
238 |
162–317 |
||||
|
M |
237 |
159–342 |
|||
F |
251 |
171–355 |
||||
|
M |
231 |
160–332 |
|||
F |
263 |
171–355 |
||||
|
M |
263 |
175–331 |
|||
|
F |
241 |
159–318 |
Table 54-3 Reference intervals and orienting ranges of “normal“ for hemostaseological analytes
Parameter |
Age (d. days; w. weeks; m. months; y. years) |
Sex |
Reference interval |
Median |
Comment |
|
Activated partial |
Fetuses |
Fetuses and newborn: Interval of 2.5% and 97.5% percentiles. Laboratory investigation was carried out using Organon Technika coagulation test. Samples of 22 fetuses/newborn were investigated in the age groups. Lit. /31/ |
||||
|
M+F |
83–250 |
168.8 |
|||
|
M+F |
87–210 |
154.0 |
|||
|
M+F |
76–128 |
104.8 |
|||
Newborn |
M+F |
35–52 |
44.3 |
Children d: Interval of 2.5% and 97.5% percentiles. Laboratory investigation was carried out using Organon Technika coagulation test. Samples of 44-77 children were investigated in the age groups. Lit. /32. 33/ Children m, y: Interval of 2.5% and 97.5% percentiles. Laboratory investigation was carried out using Siemens BCS/BCT coagulation test. Samples of 40–242 children were investigated in the age groups. Lit. /40/ |
||
Children |
||||||
|
M+F |
31.3–54.5 |
42.9 |
|||
|
M+F |
25.4–59.8 |
42.6 |
|||
|
M+F |
26.5–52.5 |
39 |
|||
|
M+F |
31.0–46.0 |
36 |
|||
|
M+F |
25.0–42.0 |
35 |
|||
|
M+F |
28.0–43.0 |
33 |
|||
|
M+F |
27.0–42.0 |
34 |
|||
|
M+F |
28.0–45.0 |
34 |
|||
Antithrombin |
Children |
1 m to 18 y: Interval of 2.5% and 97.5% percentiles. Laboratory investigation was carried out using Siemens BCS/BCT coagulation test. Samples of 40-242 children were investigated in the age groups. Lit. /40/ The concentration of pooled plasma of healthy persons is 1.0 U/ml. |
||||
|
M+F |
048–1.28 |
0.93 |
|||
|
M+F |
0.76–1.26 |
1.04 |
|||
|
M+F |
0.92–1.34 |
1.12 |
|||
|
M+F |
0.93–1.33 |
1.12 |
|||
|
M+F |
0.88–1.31 |
1.10 |
|||
|
M+F |
0.87–1.27 |
1.10 |
|||
Factor V |
Children |
Children and adults: Interval of 2.5% and 97.5% percentiles. Laboratory investigation was carried out using Organon Technika coagulation test. Samples of 44–77 children were investigated in the age groups. Lit. /32. 33/ The concentration of pooled plasma of healthy persons is 1.0 U/ml. |
||||
|
M+F |
0.41–1.44 |
0.88 |
|||
|
M+F |
0.46–1.54 |
1.00 |
|||
|
M+F |
0.48–1.56 |
1.02 |
|||
|
M+F |
0.59–1.39 |
0.99 |
|||
|
M+F |
0.58–1.46 |
1.02 |
|||
Adults |
M+F |
0.62–1.50 |
1.06 |
|||
Factor VII |
Children |
Children and adults: Interval of 2.5% and 97.5% percentiles. Laboratory investigation was carried out using Organon Technika coagulation test. Samples of 44–77 children were investigated in the age groups. Lit. /32, 33/ The concentration of pooled plasma of healthy persons is 1.0 U/ml. |
||||
|
M+F |
0.21–1.13 |
0.67 |
|||
|
M+F |
0.30–1.38 |
0.84 |
|||
|
M+F |
0.21–1.45 |
0.83 |
|||
|
M+F |
0.31–1.43 |
0.87 |
|||
|
M+F |
0.47–1.51 |
0.99 |
|||
Adults |
M+F |
0.67–1.43 |
1.05 |
|||
Factor VIII:C |
Children |
Children 1 m to 18 y: Interval of 2.5% and 97.5% percentiles. Laboratory investigation was carried out using Siemens BCS/BCT one-step factor testing with the use of FVIII-deficient plasma. Samples of 40–242 children were investigated in the age groups. Lit. /40/ The concentration of pooled plasma of healthy persons is 1.0 U/ml. |
||||
|
M+F |
0.65–2.01 |
0.96 |
|||
|
M+F |
0.70–1.53 |
0.93 |
|||
|
M+F |
0.60–1.80 |
1.17 |
|||
|
M+F |
0.70–1.95 |
1.13 |
|||
|
M+F |
0.74–1.90 |
1.10 |
|||
|
M+F |
0.68–2.02 |
1.19 |
|||
Factor IX |
Newborn |
Newborn, children and adults: Interval of 2.5% and 97.5% percentiles. Laboratory investigation was carried out using Organon Technika coagulation test. Samples of 44–77 children were investigated in the age groups. Lit. /32, 33/ The concentration of pooled plasma of healthy persons is 1.0 U/ml. |
||||
|
M+F |
0.11–0.71 |
0.41 |
|||
|
M+F |
0.19–0.83 |
0.51 |
|||
|
M+F |
0.20–0.92 |
0.56 |
|||
|
M+F |
0.35–0.99 |
0.67 |
|||
|
M+F |
0.35–1.19 |
0.77 |
|||
Adults |
M+F |
0.70–1.52 |
1.06 |
|||
Factor X |
Newborn |
Newborn, children and adults: Interval of 2.5% and 97.5% percentiles. Laboratory investigation was carried out using Organon Technika coagulation test. Samples of 44–77 children were investigated in the age groups. Lit. /32, 33/ The concentration of pooled plasma of healthy persons is 1.0 U/ml. |
||||
|
M+F |
0.35–1.27 |
0.81 |
|||
|
M+F |
0.68–1.58 |
1.10 |
|||
|
M+F |
0.57–1.57 |
1.07 |
|||
|
M+F |
0.75–1.67 |
1.21 |
|||
|
M+F |
0.67–1.63 |
1.15 |
|||
Adults |
M+F |
0.57–1.37 |
0.97 |
|||
Fibrinogen |
Fetuses |
Fetuses: Interval of 2.5% and 97.5% percentiles. Laboratory investigation was carried out using Diagnostica Stago coagulation test according to Clauss. Samples of 22 children were investigated in the age groups. Lit. /31/ |
||||
|
M+F |
0.57–1.50 |
0.85 |
|||
|
M+F |
0.65–1.65 |
1.12 |
|||
|
M+F |
1.25–1.65 |
1.35 |
|||
Children |
Children: Interval of 2.5% and 97.5% percentiles. Laboratory investigation was carried out using Siemens BCS/BCT Multifibrin reagent according to Clauss. Samples of 40–242 children were investigated in the age groups. Lit. /40/ |
|||||
|
M+F |
1.50–3.62 |
2.38 |
|||
|
M+F |
1.75–4.16 |
2.37 |
|||
|
M+F |
1.98–5.29 |
2.45 |
|||
|
M+F |
2.14–3.96 |
2.55 |
|||
|
M+F |
2.08–3.98 |
2.62 |
|||
|
M+F |
2.12–4.37 |
2.63 |
|||
International |
|
M+F |
0.90–1.17 |
1.06 |
Children: Interval of 2.5% and 97.5% percentiles. Laboratory investigation was carried out using Siemens BCS/BCT Thromborel S. Samples of 40–242 children were investigated in the age groups. Lit. /40/ |
|
|
M+F |
0.96–1.17 |
1.04 |
|||
|
M+F |
0.95–1.13 |
1.04 |
|||
|
M+F |
0.94–1.13 |
1.05 |
|||
|
M+F |
0.98–1.14 |
1.08 |
|||
|
M+F |
0.98–1.20 |
1.10 |
|||
Protein C |
|
M+F |
0.27–0.80 |
0.51 |
Children: Interval of 2.5% and 97.5% percentiles. Laboratory investigation was carried out using Siemens BCT/BCS Berichrom Protein. Samples of 40–242 children were investigated in the age groups. Lit. /40/. The concentration of pooled plasma of healthy persons is 1.0 U/ml. |
|
|
M+F |
0.40–0.92 |
0.65 |
|||
|
M+F |
0.47–1.13 |
0.75 |
|||
|
M+F |
0.67–1.30 |
0.89 |
|||
|
M+F |
0.66–1.28 |
0.93 |
|||
|
M+F |
0.60–1.42 |
0.92 |
|||
Prothrombin |
Fetuses |
Fetuses: Interval of 2.5% and 97.5% percentiles. Laboratory investigation was carried out using Diagnostica Stago coagulation test. Samples of 22 children were investigated in the age groups. Lit. /31/ |
||||
|
M+F |
19–45 |
32.5 |
|||
|
M+F |
19–44 |
32.2 |
|||
|
M+F |
16–30 |
22.6 |
|||
Children |
M+F |
12–24 |
16.7 |
Children: Interval of 2.5% and 97.5% percentiles. Laboratory investigation was carried out using Siemens BCS/BCT Thromborel S. Samples of 40–242 children were investigated in the age groups. Lit. /40. |
||
|
M+F |
10.6–14.9 |
13.1 |
|||
|
M+F |
11.3–14.9 |
13.0 |
|||
|
M+F |
11.4–14.0 |
13.1 |
|||
|
M+F |
11.2–14.4 |
13.0 |
|||
|
M+F |
11.9–14.4 |
13.3 |
|||
|
M+F |
12.1–14.6 |
13.5 |
|||
Thrombin time |
Fetuses |
Fetuses: Interval of 2.5% and 97.5% percentiles. Laboratory investigations were carried out using Diagnostica Stago coagulation test. Samples of 22 children were investigated in the age groups. Lit. /31/ |
||||
|
M+F |
22–44 |
34.2 |
|||
|
M+F |
24–28 |
26.2 |
|||
|
M+F |
17–23.3 |
21.4 |
|||
Children |
Children and adults: Interval of 2.5% and 97.5% percentiles. Laboratory investigation was carried out using Organon Technika coagulation test. Samples of 44–77 children were investigated in the age groups. Lit. /32, 33/ |
|||||
|
M+F |
19–28.3 |
23.5 |
|||
|
M+F |
18.0–29.2 |
23.1 |
|||
|
M+F |
19.4–29.2 |
24.3 |
|||
|
M+F |
20.5–29.7 |
25.1 |
|||
|
M+F |
19.8–31.1 |
25.5 |
|||
Adults |
M+F |
19.7–30.3 |
25.0 |
|||
Von Willebrand |
Children |
Children 1 m to 18 y: Interval of 2.5% and 97.5% percentiles. Laboratory investigation was carried out using Siemens BCS/BCT vWF: Ag Kit. Samples of 40–242 children were investigated in the age groups. Lit. /40/ The concentration of pooled plasma of healthy persons is 1.0 U/ml. |
||||
|
M+F |
0.78–1.91 |
1.43 |
|||
|
M+F |
0.65–2.18 |
1.10 |
|||
|
M+F |
0.60–1.57 |
1.05 |
|||
|
M+F |
0.53–1.60 |
0.89 |
|||
|
M+F |
0.57–1.87 |
0.90 |
|||
|
M+F |
0.51–1.93 |
0.99 |
|||
Von Willebrand |
Children |
Children 1 m to 18 y: Interval of 2.5% and 97.5% percentiles. Laboratory investigations were carried out using Siemens BCS/BCT VWF-reagent . Samples of 40–242 children were investigated in the age groups. Lit. /40/ The concentration of pooled plasma of healthy persons is 1.0 U/ml. |
||||
|
M+F |
0.60–2.20 |
1.36 |
|||
|
M+F |
0.52–2.09 |
1.05 |
|||
|
M+F |
0.48–1.53 |
0.96 |
|||
|
M+F |
0.43–1.63 |
0.87 |
|||
|
M+F |
0.40–1.97 |
0.87 |
|||
|
M+F |
0.45–1.81 |
0.89 |
Table 54-4 Reference intervals and orienting ranges of “normal“ for autoimmune antibodies /41/
Analyt |
Age (years) |
Sex |
95th percentile |
97.5th percentile |
99th percentile |
ACA |
1–< 19 |
F+M |
12.2 CU |
14.3 |
15.9 |
ACA |
1–< 6 |
F+M |
15.6 CU |
15.9 |
15.9 |
ACA |
6–< 19 |
F+M |
9.7 IU/ml |
12.1 |
13.0 |
ds DNA |
1–< 19 |
F+M |
15.5 IU/ml |
16.5 |
18.6 |
Sm |
1–< 19 |
F+M |
7.6 CU |
14.3 |
16.9 |
SSB |
1–< 19 |
F+M |
3.3 CU |
3.5 |
3.9 |
RNP |
1–< 19 |
F+M |
3.5 CU |
3.5 |
4.3 |
Ro 52 |
1–< 19 |
F+M |
2.3 CU |
2.3 |
2.3 |
Ro 60 |
1–< 19 |
F+M |
4.9 CU |
4.9 |
4.9 |
MPO |
1–< 19 |
F+M |
7.8 CU |
9.2 |
12.3 |
MPO |
1–< 11.3 |
F+M |
9.2 CU |
11.2 |
12.6 |
MPO |
11.3–< 19 |
F+M |
5.0 CU |
5.4 |
5.4 |
PR3 |
1–< 19 |
F+M |
3.1 CU |
8.8 |
11.8 |
tTGA |
1–< 19 |
F+M |
5.2 CU |
7.5 |
9.7 |
tTGA |
1–< 19 |
F |
5.2 CU |
6.3 |
6.4 |
tTGA |
1–< 19 |
M |
5.4 CU |
9.3 |
10.4 |
Automated two step chemiluminescent immunoassay using Bio-Flash Analyzer and corresponding reagents (Werfen); ACA, anti-cytoplasmatic Ab; dsDNA, double strain DNA-Ab; SM-Ab, antibodies directed against nuclear antigen Smith; SSB, nuclear antigen; RNP, ribonucleoproteim; Ro, nuclear antigen; MPO, myeloperoxidase Ab; PR3, proteinase3-Ab; tTGA, tissue transglutaminase-Ab; CU, chemiluminescent units; IU, international units |
|||||
ANA-IFT |
1–< 16 |
F+M |
Titer 1 : 40 to 1 : 80 |
Bestimmung für unterschiedliche Altersbereiche von 1–19 Jahren /41/
Literatur
1. Henny J. The IFCC recommendations for determining reference intervals: strengths and limitations. J Lab Med 2009; 33 (2): 45–51.
2. Directive 98/79/CE. Brüssel. European Community, 1998.
3. Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute. Defining, establishing and verifying reference intervals in the clinical laboratory, 3rd edition. CLSI document C28-A3. Wayne, PA. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute 2008; 28 (30): 31.
4. Shaw Jl, Binedh Marvasti T, Colantonio D, Adeli K. Pediatric reference intervals: challenges and recent initiatives. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2013; 50 (2): 37–50.
5. Dortschy R, Schaffrath Rosario A, Scheidt-Nave C, Thierfelder W, Thamm M, Gutsche J, Markert A. Bevölkerungsbezogene Verteilungswerte ausgewählter Parameter aus der Studie zur Gesundheit von Kindern und Jugendlichen in Deutschland (KIGGS). Robert Koch-Institut, Berlin 2009.
6. Zierk J, Arzideh F, Rechenauer T, Haeckel R, Rascher W, Metzler M, Rauh M. Age and sex-specific dynamics in 22 hematologic and biochemical analytes from birth to adolescence. Clin Chem 2015; 61 (7): 964–73.
7. Hoq M, Matthews S, Karlaftis V, Burgess J, Cowley J, Donath S, et al. Reference values for 30 common biochemistry analytes across 5 different analyzers in neonates and children 30 days to 18 years of age. Clin Chem 2019; 65 (10): 1317–26.
8. Adeli K, Higgins V, Trajcevski K, White-Al Habeeb N. The Canadian laboratory initiative on pediatric reference intervals: A caliper white paper. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2017; 54 (6): 358–413.
9. Mäkelä E, Takala TI, Suominen P, Matomäki J, Salmi TT, Rajamäki A, et al. Hematological parameters in preterm infants from birth to 16 weeks of age with reference to iron balance. Clin Chem Lab Med 2008; 46 (4): 551–7.
10. Klajnbard A, Szecsi PB, Colov NP, Andersen MR, Jorgensen M, Bjorngaard B, et al. Laboratory reference intervals during pregnancy, delivery and the early postpartum period. Clin Chem Lab Med 2010; 48 (2): 237–48.
11. Ghoshal AK, Soldin SJ. Evaluation of Dade Behring Dimension RxL: integrated chemistry system – pediatric reference ranges. Clin Chim Acta 2003; 331: 135–46.
12. Heiduk M, Päge I, Kliem C, Abicht K, Klein G. Pediatric reference intervals determined in ambulatory and hospitalized children and juveniles. Clin Chim Acta 2009; 46: 156–61.
13. Deutsche Gesellschaft für Klinische Chemie. Proposal of standard methods for the determination of enzyme catalytic concentrations in serum and plasma at 370C. III Glutamate dehydrogenase. Eur J Clin Chem Clin Biochem 1992; 30: 491–502.
14. Schmidt E, Schmidt FW. Glutamate dehydrogenase. In Bergmeyer U. Methoden der enzymatischen Analyse S. 216–227. Verlag Chemie, Weinheim 1989.
15. Junge W, Abicht K, Goldman K, Luthe H, et al . Multicentric evaluation of the colorimetric liquid assay for pancreatic lipase on Hitachi analyzers. Clin Chem Lab Med 1999; 37: S469 (Abstract).
16. Thierfelder W, Dortschy R, Hintzpeter B, Krahl H, Scheidt-Nave C. Verteilung klinisch-chemischer Kenngrößen in der deutschen Bevölkerung im Alter von 0–18 Jahren: Erste Ergebnisse des Kinder- und Jugendgesundheitssurvey (KiGGS). J Lab Med 2008; 32 (2): 92–106.
17. Ceriotti F, Boyd JC, Klein G, Henny J, Queralto J, Kairisto V, et al. Reference intervals for serum creatinine concentrations: assessment of available data for global application. Clin Chem 2008; 54 (3): 559–66.
18. Schramel P. Bestimmung von Spurenelementen in Körperflüssigkeiten. In: Köhrle J. Mineralstoffe und Spurenelemente S. 111–120. Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft mbH, Stuttgart 1998.
19. Soldin SJ, Murthy JN, Agarwalla PK, Ojeifo O, Chea J. Pediatric reference ranges for cratinine kinase, CKMB, troponin I, iron, and cortisol. Clin Biochem 1999; 32 (1): 77–80.
20. Wiedemann G, Jonetz-Mentzel L, Panze R. Establishment of reference ranges for thyrotropin, triiodothyronine, thyroxine and free thyroxine in neonates, infants, children and adolescents. Eur J Clin Chem Clin Biochem 1993; 31: 277–88.
21. Schlebusch H, Liappis N, Kalina E, Klein G. High sensitive CRP and creatinine: reference intervals from infancy to childhood .Lab Med 2002; 26: 341–6.
22. Greeley C, Snell J, Colaco A, Beatey J, Bailey J, Bjorn S, et al. Pediatric reference ranges for electrolytes and creatinine. Clin Chem 1993; 39 (6): 1172 (Abstract 0246).
23. Lockitch G, Halstead AC, Albersheim S, MacCallum C, Quingley G. Age- and sex-specific pediatric reference intervals for biochemistry analytes as measured with the Ektachem 700 analyzer. Clin Chem 1988: 34 (8): 1622–5.
24. Forman DT, Lorenzo L. Ionized calcium: its significance and clinical usefulness. Ann Clin Lab Sci 1991; 21, 5: 297–304.
25. Millar DS, Davis LR, Rodeck CH. Nicolaides KF, Mibashan RS. Normal blood cell values in the early mid-trimester fetus. Prenatal Diagnosis 1985; 5 (6): 367–73.
26. Forestier F, Daffos F, Catherine N, Renard M, Andreux JP. Developmental hematopoiesis in normal human fetal blood. Blood 1991; 77 (11): 2360–3.
27. Matoth Y, Zaizov R, Varsano I. Postnatal changes in some red cell parameters. Acta Paediatr Scand 1971; 60 (3): 317–23.
28. Geagham SM. Hematologic values and appearances in the healthy fetus, neonate, and child. Clinics in Laboratory Medicine 1999; 19: 1–37.
29. De Waele M, Foulon W, Remnans W, Segers E, Smet L, Jochmans K, van Camp B. Hematologic values and lymphocyte subsets in fetal blood. Am J Clin Pathol 1988; 89: 742–6.
30. Taylor MRH, Holland CV, Spencer R, Jackson JF, O’Connors GI, O’Donnell JR. Hematological reference ranges for school children. Clin Lab Haem 1997; 19: 1–15.
31. Reverdiau-Moalic P, Delahousse B, Body G, Bardos P, Leroy J, Gruel Y. Evaluation of blood coagulation activators and inhibitors in the healthy human fetus. Blood 1996; 88 (3): 900–6.
32. Andrew M, Paes B, Johnston M. Development of the hemostatic system in the neonate and young infant. Am J Pediatr Hematology/Oncology 1990; 12, 1: 95–104.
33. Male C, J,ohnston M, Sparling C, Booker LA, Andrew M, Massicotte P. The influence of developmental haemostasis on the laboratory diagnosis and management of haemostatic disorders during infancy and childhood. Clinics in Laboratory Medicine 1999; 1; 39–69.
34. Soldin SJ, Hicks JM, Bailey J , et al. Pediatric reference ranges for phosphate on the Hitachi 747 analyzer. Clin Cem 1997; 43: 198 (Abstract).
35. Muntau AC, Streiter M, Kappler M, Röschinger W, Schmid I, Rehnert A, et al. Age-related reference values for serum selenium concentrations in infants and children. Clin Chem 2002; 48 (3): 555–6.
36. Hicks JM, Cook J, Godwin ID, Soldin SJ. Vitamin B12 and folate. Pediatric reference ranges. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1993; 117 (7): 70–6.
37. Xu P, Zhou Qi, Xu J. Reference interval transference of common biochemical markers. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 2021; https://doi.org/10.1080/00365513.2021.1907858.
38. Jopling J, Henry E, Wiedmeier SE, Christensen RD. Reference ranges for hematocrit and blood hemoglobin concentration during the neonatal period: data from a multihospital health care system. Pediatrics 2009; 123 (2): e333–e337.
39. Wiedmeier SE, Henry E, Sola-Visner MC, Christensen RD. Platelet reference ranges for neonates, defined using data from 47000 patients in a multihospital healthcare system. J Perinatology 2009, 29: 130–6.
40. Klarmann D, Eggert C, Geisen C, Becker S, Seifried E, Klingebiel T, Kreuz W. Association of ABO(H) and I blood group system development with von Willebrand factor and factor VIII plasma levels in children and adolescents. Transfusion 2010; 50 (7): 1571–80.
41. Seplashvilli L, Bohn MK, Hall A, Henderson T, Chen J, Dunst R, Adeli K. Determination of pediatric reference limits for 10 commonly measured autoantibodies. Clin Chem Lab Med 2022; 60 (11): 1839–46.
42. Chan MK, Seiden-Long I, Aytekin M, Quinn F, Ravalico T, Ambruster D, Sdeli K. Canadian laboratory initiative on pediatric reference interval database (Caliper): Pediatric reference intervals for an integrated clinical chemistry and immunoassay analyzer, Abbott Architect ci8200.Clin Biochem 2009; 42 (9): 885–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2009.01.014.
43. Bohn MK, Wilson S, Schneider R, Massamiri Y, Randell EW, ,Adeli K.Pediatric reference interval verification for 17 specialized immunoassays and cancer markers on the Abbott Alinity i system in the CALIPER cohort of healthy children and adolescents. Clin Chem Lab Med 2023; 61 (1): 123-132. DOi: 10.1515/cclm-2022-0709.
44. Karbasy K, Lin DCC, Stoianov A, Chan MK, Bevilacqua V, Chen Y, et al. Pediatric reference value distributions and covariate-stratified reference intervals for 29 endocrine and special chemistry biomarkers on the Beckman Coulter immunoassay systems: a CALIPER study of healthy community children. Clin Chem Lab Med 2015; 54: 643–57. doi: 10.1515/cclm-2015-0558.
45. Higgins V, Fung AWS Chan MK, Macri J, Adeli K. Pediatric reference intervals for 29 Ortho Vitros 5600 immunoassays using CALIPER Cohort of helathy children and adolescents. Clin Chem Lab Med 2018; 56 327–40. doi 10.1515 /cclm-2017-0349.
46. Higgins V, Chan MK, Nieuvesteeg M, Hoffman BR, Bromberg IL, Gornall D, et al. Transference of CALIPER Pediatric reference intervals to biochemical assays on the Roche cobas 6000 and Roche Modular P. Clin Biochem 2016; 49: 139–49. doi: 10.1016/j. clinbiochem.2015.08.018.
47. Bohn MK, Higgins V, Asgari S, Leung F, Hoffman B, Macri J, et al. Paediatric reference intervals for 17 Roche cobas 8000 e immunoassays in the CALIPER cohort of healthy children and adolescents. Clin Chem Lab Med 2019; 57: 1968–79.
48. Estey MP, Cohen AH, Colantonio DA, Chan MK, Marvasti TB, Randell E, et al. CLSI-based transference of the CALIPER database of pediatric reference intervals from Abbott to Beckman, Ortho, Roche and Siemens clinical chemistry assays: direct validation using reference samples from the CALIBER cohort. Clin Biochem 2013; 46: 1197–219. doi: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2013.04.001.
49. Castagna MG, Fugazzola L J, Maino F, Covelli D, Memmo S, et al. Vitamin B12 and folate. Reference range of serum calcitonin in pediatric population. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2015; 100 (5): 1780–4.