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A

Acidosis

• Acute metabolic acidosis: Table 8.3-3: Diseases and disorders associated with an increase in serum chloride
• Anion gap: Table 8.4-1: Normal anion gap metabolic acidosis and
• Table 8.4-2: Metabolic acidosis with increased anion gap
• Anion gap (urine) and osmotic gap (urine): Table 8.8-6: Laboratory diagnostics of renal-tubular acidosis
• Chronic metabolic acidosis: Table 8.3-3: Diseases and disorders associated with an increase in serum chloride
• Diabetic ketoacidosis: Table 8.4-2: Metabolic acidosis with increased anion gap
• Ketonuria: Table 8.2-2: Diseases and causes that can lead to hyponatremia
• Lactate acidosis: Table 8.4-2: Metabolic acidosis with increased anion gap
• Renal tubular acidosis: Table 8.8-5: Renal tubular acidosis and
• Table 8.8-6: Laboratory diagnostics of renal tubular acidosis
• Pseudo hyperchloremia by bromides: Table 8.3-3: Diseases and disorders associated with an increase in serum chloride
• Poisoning (methanol, ethylenglykol): Table 8.4-2: Metabolic acidosis with increased anion gap
• Refer to chapter 8 and
• chapter 9

Acromegaly

• Refer to section 35.4.5.2.2

Acute abdomen

• Amiodarone: Table 1.6-3: Aminotransferases in patients with hepatopathies
• Amylase: Table 1.4-2: Causes of pancreatogenic hyperamylasemia
• Anorexia nervosa: Table 1.6-3: Aminotransferases in patients with hepatopathies
• Creatine kinase (CK): Table 1.8-7: CK activity in other tissue damage
• Lipase: Table 1.12-3: Causes of elevated lipase in serum

Acute coronary syndrome

• Refer to section 2.3.2
• Cardiac surgery: Troponin: Refer to section 2.4.5.6

Acute dyspnoe

• Acute coronary syndrome: Table 2.8-2: Behavior of BNP and NT-proBNP in disease states
• Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), NT-proBNP: Table 2.8-2: Behavior of BNP and NT-proBNP in disease states
• Cardiac troponin (cTn): Table 2.4-3: cTn in acute coronary syndrome and other types of myocardial injury
• CK-MB mass: Table 1.8-4: CK-MB mass in acute coronary syndrome and other muscular damage
• Coronary heart disease: Table 1.7-9: Diseases possibly associated with elevated ChE activity
• Coronary event: Table 1.9-5: Various causes of elevated GGT levels
• Heart failure: Table 2.8-2: Behavior of BNP und NT-proBNP in patients with acute dyspnea with and without heart failure
• Instable angina pectoris: Table 2.4-3: Cardiac troponin (cTn) in acute coronary syndrome and other types of myocardial injury
• Myocardial infarction type 1: Table 2.4-3: cTn in acute coronary syndrome and other types of myocardial injury
• Myocardial damage: cardiac or non-cardiac failure: Table 2.4-3: cTn in acute coronary syndrome and other types of myocardial injury
• Myoglobin: Table 2.6-1: Myoglobin in acute coronary syndrome and other muscular damage
• Normal people: Table 2.4-5: Risk stratification of patients/individuals with/without acute coronary syndrome
• Renal insufficiency: Table 2.4-3: cTn in acute coronary syndrome and other types of myocardial injury
• Risik stratification: Table 2.8-2: Behavior of BNP and NT-proBNP in disease states
• Stable coronary syndrome: Table 2.8-2: Behavior of Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) and NT-proBNP in disease states
• Sepsis: Table 2.4-3: cTn in acute coronary syndrome and other types of myocardial injury
• Troponin: Table 2.4-4: Cardiac troponin in acute myocardial syndrome and other types of myocardial injury

Acute metabolic acidosis

• Table 6.3-4: Diseases and conditions associated with hyperphosphatemia

Acute myeloid leukemia

• Table 28.2-3: Oncogenes, oncogene products and tumor suppressor genes in cancer patients

Acute phase response

• CRP: Table 19.4-2: CRP in diseases associated with low to high-grade inflammation and
• Table 19.4-3: Behavior of CRP in diseases associated wit low-grade inflammation
• Fibrinogen: Table 16.16-3: Diseases and conditions with elevated fibrinogen
• Inflammatory stimulus: Table 19.1-6: Acute phase response induced by various inflammatory stimuli
• Plasminogen: Table 16.25-1: Diseases and conditions associated with abnormal plasminogen und plasminogen inhibitor concentration
• Protein C (PC): Table 16.21-2: Diseases and conditions with acquired PC deficiency
• Serum Amyloid A (SAA): Table 19.6-2: Comparison of SAA and CRP in viral infection
• Refer to chapter 19

Acute renal insufficiency

• Acute renal failure: Table 12.1-4: Acute renal failure: clinical and laboratory findings
• Acute rhabdomyolysis: Table 12.1-4: Acute renal failure: clinical and laboratory findings
• Anemia: Table 12.1-10: Chronic kidney disease in association with systemic disease
• Blood count: Table 15.3-8: Blood cell status in certain groups of individuals and patients
• Creatinine in serum: Table 12.1-5: Diagnostically significant laboratory tests in acute renal failure
• Fractional sodium excretion (FeNa): Table 12.1-5: Diagnostically significant laboratory tests in acute renal failure
• General population: Table 12.9-6: Albuminuria, marker of nephropathy and systemic diseases
• Liver cirrhosis: Table 12.1-4: Acute renal failure: clinical and laboratory findings
• Macrocytic anemia: Table 15.3-14: Classification and differentiation of macrocytic anemia
• Neutrophil gelatinase associated lipocalin: Table 12.1-5: Diagnostically significant laboratory tests in acute renal failure
• Older people: Table 12.4-4: Diseases and conditions that can cause a change in serum creatinine and
• Table 12.9-6: Albuminuria, marker of nephropathy and systemic diseases
• Phosphate: Table 12.1-5: Diagnostically significant laboratory tests in acute renal failure
• Potassium: Table 8.7-2: Diseases and conditions associated with hypokalemia and
• Table 12.1-5: Diagnostically significant laboratory tests in acute renal failure
• Protein-rich diet: Table 12.6-4: Diseases and conditions that cause elevated serum urea
• Renal insufficiency, special form: Table 12.1-4: Acute renal failure: clinical and laboratory findings
• Renal insufficiency acquired in the hospital: Table 12.1-4: Acute renal failure: clinical and laboratory findings
• Sodium in serum: Table 12.1-5: Diagnostically significant laboratory tests in acute renal failure
• Urea in serum: Table 12.1-5: Diagnostically significant laboratory tests in acute renal failure
• Urinary sediment: Table 12.1-5: Diagnostically significant laboratory tests in acute renal failure
• Urine tests: Table 12.3-3: Urine tests for evaluation of disorders of the kidney and the urinary tract
• Urine volume: Table 12.1-5: Diagnostically significant laboratory tests in acute renal failure
• Refer to chapter 12

Addison disease

• Refer to section 34.4.5.2.1

Adiposity

• Adiposity: Table 2.2-2: Individual components of the metabolic vasculary syndrome
• Betain: Table 13.6-3: Association of betain deficiency with disease
• Cholinesterase (ChE): Table 1.7-9: Diseases possibly associated with elevated ChE activity
• Refer to section 14.7: Adiposity

ADP receptor antagonists

• Irreversible indirect P2Y12 inhibition (Thienopyridine, ticlopidin, clopidogrel, prasugrel): Table 16.28-4: Mode of action, clinical significance and monitoring of platelet function inhibitors
• Platelet function inhibitors: Table 16.28-4: Mode of action, clinical significance and monitoring of platelet function inhibitors
• Reversible direct 2Y12 inhibition (Cangrelor, ticagrelor): Table 16.28-4: Mode of action, clinical significance and monitoring of platelet function inhibitors

Adrenal cortex tumor

• Table 34.3-2: Hypercortisolism and Cushing’s syndrome

Adrenal hyperplasia

• Calcium: Table 6.2-4: Diseases that may cause hypocalcemia
• Cushing’s syndrome: Table 34.3-2: Hypercortisolism and Cushing’s syndrome
• Hypercortisolism: Table 34.2-2: Hypocortisolism

Adrenal insufficiency

• Addison’s disease: Table 6.2-3: Diseases that can cause hypercalcemia
• Eosinophilia: Table 15.12-11: Differentiation of eosinophilia
• Hyperandrogenism: Table 34.9-2: Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS) in hyperandrogenism
• Primary adrenal cortex insufficiency (M. Addison): Table 34.2-2: Hypocortisolism
• Secondary adrenal cortex insufficiency: Table 34.2-2: Hypocortisolism
• Tertiary adrenal cortex insufficiency: Table 34.5-1: Diseases and syndromes associated with abnormal ACTH levels
• Therapy control in adrenal cortex insufficiency: Table 34.2-2: Hypocortisolism

AIDS

• Table 14.3-3: Diseases producing malabsorption
• Table 14.3-7: Gastrointestinal disease with reduced D-xylose excretion
• Refer to section 43.37

AKI classification

• Table 12.1-2: Definition of Acute Kidney Injury

Albuminuria/proteinuria

• Albuminuria: Table 12.1-9: Albuminuria classification according to Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcome (KDIGO) and
• Table 12.9-4: Recommendations of the National Kidney Foundation for albuminuria as a clinical marker of kidney damage and
• Table 12.9-6: Albuminuria, marker of nephropathy and systemic diseases
• Essential hypertension: Table 12.9-6: Albuminuria, marker of nephropathy and systemic diseases
• Etiologie: Table 12.9-3: Etiology of proteinuria
• Functional/transient proteinuria: Table 12.9-2: Functional, transient and isolated proteinuria
• Hematuria and proteinuria: Table 12.9-11: Post renal proteinuria
• IgA hypersecretion, Tamm-horsefall protein and different urosomucoids: Table 12.9-11: Post renal proteinuria
• Münchhausen syndrome: Table 12.9-11: Post renal proteinuria
• Nephrotic syndrome: Table 12.9-9: Glomerular and tubulo-interstitial proteinuria
• Orthostatic proteinuria: Table 12.9-2: Functional, transient and isolated proteinuria
• Persistent asymptomatic proteinuria: Table 12.9-2: Functional, transient and isolated proteinuria
• Refer to chapter 12

Alcohol abuse

• Alcohol abuse: Table 18.6-4: Diseases induced by chronic alcohol abuse
• Alcohol consumption: Table 18.6-1: Effects of alcohol consumption
• Alcoholic hepatitis: Table 5.2-3: Intrahepatic hyperbilirubinemias
• Aminotransferases: Table 1.6-3: Aminotransferases in patients with hepatopathies
• Anion gap: Table 8.4-2: Metabolic acidosis with increased anion gap
• Blood count: Table 15.3-8: Blood cell status in certain groups of individuals and patients
• Chronic alcoholism: Table 10.5-2: Diseases and conditions with magnesium deficiency
• Chronic alcohol abuse: Table 8.2-2: Diseases and causes that can lead to hyponatremia
• Clinical symptoms: Table 41-19: Stages of ethanol intoxication
• Carbohydrate deficient transferrin (CDT): Table 18.6-6: Diseases and conditions that may lead to false-positive CDT findings
• Cushing’s syndrome: Table 34.3-2: Hypercortisolism and Cushing’s syndrome
• Effects: Table 18.6-1: Effects of alcohol consumption
• GGT: Table 1.9-4: GGT in hepatic and biliary tract diseases
• Hypophosphatemia: Table 6.3-3: Diseases and conditions associated with hypophosphatemia
• Laboratory findings: Table 18.6-5: Laboratory investigations of alcohol consumption
• Macrocytic anemia: Table 15.3-14: Classification and differentiation of macrocytic anemia
• Metabolic changes: Table 18.6-3: Acute metabolic changes following alcohol consumption
• Macrocytosis: Table 15.3-14: Classification and differentiation of macrocytic anemia
• Pancreatitis: Table 14.2-4: Causes of chronic pancreatitis
• Potassium: Table 8.7-2: Diseases and conditions associated with hypokalemia

Aldosteronism (primary)

• Aldosterone producing adenoma: Table 31.4-4: Primary aldosteronism, mineralocorticoid excess and hypertension
• Family hyperaldosteronism type I (FH-I), glucocorticoid remediable aldosteronism (GRA): Table 31.4-4: Primary aldosteronism, mineralocorticoid excess and hypertension
• Family hyperaldosteronism type II (FH-II): Table 31.4-4: Primary aldosteronism, mineralocorticoid excess and hypertension
• Family hyperaldosteronism type III (FH-III): Table 31.4-4: Primary aldosteronism, mineralocorticoid excess and hypertension
• Idiopathic hyperaldosteronism (IHA), bilateral adrenal hyperplasia: Table 31.4-4: Primary aldosteronism, mineralocorticoid excess and hypertension
• Primary aldosteronism: Table 31.4-4: Primary aldosteronism, mineralocorticoid excess and hypertension
• Refer to chapter 31

Aldosteronism (secondary)

• Bartter syndrome: Table 31.4-9: Secondary aldosteronism, mineralocorticoid excess and hypertension
• Chronic renal insufficiency: Table 31.4-9: Secondary aldosteronism, mineralocorticoid excess and hypertension
• Hypercortisolism: Table 31.4-9: Secondary aldosteronism, mineralocorticoid excess and hypertension
• Iatrogenic secondary aldosteronism: Table 31.4-9: Secondary aldosteronism, mineralocorticoid excess and hypertension
• Pregnancy: Table 31.4-9: Secondary aldosteronism, mineralocorticoid excess and hypertension

Alkalosis

• Acute metabolic alkalosis: Table 8.3-4: Diseases associated with a decrease in serum chloride
• Chronic metabolic alkalosis: Table 8.3-4: Diseases associated with a decrease in serum chloride

Allergy

• Asthma: Table 15.12-11: Differentiation of eosinophilia
• Eosinophilia: Table 15.12-11: Differentiation of eosinophilia
• In-door allergens: Table 23-15: Important in-door allergens
• Pollen: Table 23-14: Cross allergies between pollen and food and
• Table 23-10: Predominant pollen involved in allergies
• Refer to chapter 23

Allogeneic bone marrow transplantation

• Reticulocytes: Table 15.6-4: Diseases and conditions with reticulocytosis
• Refer to chapter 26

Alveolar proteinosis

• Non-infectious disease: Table 48-5: Pathogenic findings in non-infectious diseases

Alveolitis

• Allergic alveolitis: Table 18.10-5: Elevation of IgG subclasses
• Atopy: Table 23-3: Genetic risk of atopy

Alzheimer’s disease

• Table 46-24: Differentiation of Alzheimer’s disease from controls
• Table 46-26: Biomarker profiles and categories
• Table 46-27: Concentration of Alzheimer’s disease biomarkers in different forms of dementia
• Refer to section 46.10

Amenorrhea

• Hyperprolactinemia: Table 37.2-3: Clinical and laboratory findings in menstrual disorders

Amyloidosis

• AL (AH and ALH) amyloidosis: Table 22-26: Findings in amyloidosis
• α₂-antiplasmin: Table 16.24-1: Diseases and conditions associated with reduced α2-antiplasmin
• Coagulation: Table 16.15-2: Hemostatic disorders associated with acquired reduction in coagulation factors
• CRP: Table 19.4-2: CRP in diseases associated with low to high-grade inflammation
• Plasma cell proliferative disease: Table 22-24: Findings in clonal plasma cell proliferative disorders
• Fibrinogen: Table 16.16-2: Diseases and conditions associated with decreased fibrinogen
• Serum Amyloid A (SAA): Table 19.6-2: Comparison of SAA and CRP in viral infection
• Refer to section 22.12

Ancrod-, defibrase therapy

• Fibrinogen: Table 16.16-2: Diseases and conditions associated with decreased fibrinogen

Androgenisation

• Anti-Müller hormone (AMH): Table 37.10-1: Clinical application of the determination of anti-Müller hormone (AMH)
• Menstrual disorders: Table 37.2-3: Clinical and laboratory findings in menstrual disorders
• Refer to section 37.2

Anemia (in general)

• Acute bleeding: Table 15.6-4: Diseases and conditions with reticulocytosis and
• Table 15.12-4: Diseases and conditions with neutrophilia
• Alcohol abuse: Table 15.3-8: Blood cell status in certain groups of individuals and patients
• Anemia postoperatively: Table 15.3-8: Blood cell status in certain groups of individuals and patients
• Anemia preoperatively: Table 15.3-8: Blood cell status in certain groups of individuals and patients
• Athlete: Table 15.3-8: Blood cell status in certain groups of individuals and patients and
• Table 15.4-3: Diseases and conditions with decreased hematocrit and
• Table 15.10-2: Diseases and conditions associated with adequate rise in Erythropoietin concentration
• Blood count: Table 15.3-8: Blood cell status in certain groups of individuals and patients
• Blood donation: Table 15.10-2: Diseases and conditions associated with adequate rise in Erythropoietin concentration
• Bone marrow transplant: Table 15.6-4: Diseases and conditions with reticulocytosis
• Chronic cardiac failure: Table 15.3-8: Blood cell status in certain groups of individuals and patients
• Chronic renal insufficiency: Table 15.3-8: Blood cell status in certain groups of individuals and patients
• Critically ill: Table 15.3-8: Blood cell status in certain groups of individuals and patients
• Cytostatic therapy: Table 15.6-4: Diseases and conditions with reticulocytosis
• Diabetes mellitus: Table 15.3-8: Blood cell status in certain groups of individuals and patients
• Erythropoietin: Table 15.10-2: Diseases and conditions associated with adequate rise in Erythropoietin concentration
• ESA therapy: Table 15.6-4: Diseases and conditions with reticulocytosis
• Fetal anemia: Table 15.10-2: Diseases and conditions associated with adequate rise in Erythropoietin concentration
• Hemolytic anemia: Table 5.2-2: Prehepatic hyperbilirubinemia and
• Table 15.6-4: Diseases and conditions with reticulocytosis and
• Table 15.11-7: Diseases and conditions with secondary thrombocytosis
• Hypersplenism: Table 15.6-4: Diseases and conditions with reticulocytosis
• Hypoxia: Table 15.10-2: Diseases and conditions associated with adequate rise in Erythropoietin concentration
• Loss of blood: Table 15.3-8: Blood cell status in certain groups of individuals and patients
• Myelodysplastic syndrome: Table 15.10-2: Diseases and conditions associated with adequate rise in Erythropoietin concentration
• Older people: Table 15.3-8: Blood cell status in certain groups of individuals and patients
• Pathologic erythrocyte enzymes: Table 15.8-2: Findings and enzymatic characteristics associated with the most important erythrocyte enzymopathies
• Plasma volume increase: Table 15.3-8: Blood cell status in certain groups of individuals and patients
• Pregnancy: Table 15.3-8: Blood cell status in certain groups of individuals and patients and
• Table 15.4-3: Diseases and conditions with decreased hematocrit and
• Table 15.10-2: Diseases and conditions associated with adequate rise in Erythropoietin concentration
• Sickle cell anemia: Table 15.10-2: Diseases and conditions associated with adequate rise in Erythropoietin concentration
• Sickle cell-β-thalassemia: Table 15.7-11: Diagnostic characteristics of sickle cell β-thalassemia
• Thalassemia: Table 15.7-12: Clinical classification of the most important pathological hemoglobin variants and
• Table 15.10-2: Diseases and conditions associated with adequate rise in Erythropoietin concentration
• Tumor anemia: Table 15.10-2: Diseases and conditions associated with adequate rise in Erythropoietin concentration
• Vegetarian: Table 15.3-8: Blood cell status in certain groups of individuals and patients
• Vitamin B6: Table 13.5-7: Vitamin B6 deficiency associated disease
• Vitamin B12: Table 13.3-4: Vitamin B12 deficiency associated disease
• Refer to section 15.3

Anemia (of chronic disease)

• Anemia differentiation: Table 7.4-2: Differentiation of iron deficiency anemia from anemia of chronic disease (ACD) and the combined state of ACD/iron restricted erythropoiesis
• Blood cell count: Table 15.3-8: Blood cell status in certain groups of individuals and patients
• Chronic renal disease: Table 15.10-3: Diseases and conditions with inadequately low increase in erythropoietin concentration
• CRP: Table 19.4-2: CRP in diseases associated with low to high-grade inflammation
• Erythropoietin (EPO): Table 15.10-3: Diseases and conditions with inadequately low increase in erythropoietin concentration
• Iron deficiency: Table 7.1-2: States of iron restriction and
• Table 7.1-3: Iron deficiency in healthy individuals and in diseases
• Iron restriction: Table 7.1-2: States of iron restriction
• Normocytic anemia: Table 15.3-11: Classification and differentiation of normocytic anemia
• Refer to section 15.3

Anemia (macrocytic)

• Alcohol abuse: Table 15.3-14: Classification and differentiation of macrocytic anemia
• Congenital dyserythropoietic anemia: Table 15.3-14: Classification and differentiation of macrocytic anemia
• Folate deficiency: Table 15.3-14: Classification and differentiation of macrocytic anemia
• Liver disease: Table 15.3-14: Classification and differentiation of macrocytic anemia
• Megaloblastic anemia: Table 15.12-7: Secondary neutropenia
• Vitamin B12 deficiency: Table 15.3-14: Classification and differentiation of macrocytic anemia

Anemia (microcytic)

• β-Thalassemia: Table 15.3-9: Classification and differentiation of microcytic anemia
• HbE syndrome: Table 15.3-9: Classification and differentiation of microcytic anemia
• Hemolytic anemia of long duration: Table 15.3-9: Classification and differentiation of microcytic anemia
• Hereditary spherocytosis: Table 15.3-9: Classification and differentiation of microcytic anemia
• Iron deficiency: Table 15.3-9: Classification and differentiation of microcytic anemia
• Post transplant anemia: Table 15.3-9: Classification and differentiation of microcytic anemia
• Sideroblastic anemia: Table 15.3-9: Classification and differentiation of microcytic anemia
• Refer to section 15.3

Anemia (normocytic)

• AIDS: Table 15.3-11: Classification and differentiation of normocytic anemias
• Aplastic anemia: Table 15.3-11: Classification and differentiation of normocytic anemias
• Blood loss anemia: Table 15.3-11: Classification and differentiation of normocytic anemias
• Chronic disease: Table 15.3-11: Classification and differentiation of normocytic anemias and
• Table 15.10-3: Diseases and conditions with inadequately low increase in erythropoietin concentration
• Chronic renal disease: Table 15.10-3: Diseases and conditions with inadequately low increase in erythropoietin concentration
• Hemolytic anemia: Table 15.3-11: Classification and differentiation of normocytic anemias
• Hemolytic uremic syndrome: Table 15.3-11: Classification and differentiation of normocytic anemias
• Hereditary elliptocytosis: Table 15.3-11: Classification and differentiation of normocytic anemias
• Malaria: Table 15.3-11: Classification and differentiation of normocytic anemias
• Newborn: Table 15.10-3: Diseases and conditions with inadequately low increase in erythropoietin concentration
• Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria: Table 15.3-11: Classification and differentiation of normocytic anemias
• Sickle cell anemia: Table 15.3-11: Classification and differentiation of normocytic anemias
• Tumor anemia: Table 15.3-11: Classification and differentiation of normocytic anemias
• Refer to section 15.3

Angina pectoris

• CK, CK-MB: Table 1.8-4: CK-MB mass in acute coronary syndrome and other muscular damage
• Definition: Table 2.3-3: Definition and classification
• Stable angina pectoris: Table 2.4-5: Risk stratification of patients/individuals with/without acute coronary syndrome
• Troponin: Table 2.4-3: cTn in acute coronary syndrome and other types of myocardial injury

Angioedema

• Laboratory findings: Refer to section 24.5.2.1

Anion gap change

• Acidosis: Table 8.4-1: Normal anion gap metabolic acidosis and
• Table 8.4-2: Metabolic acidosis with increased anion gap
• Anion gap (urine) and osmotic gap (urine): Table 8.8-6: Laboratory diagnostics of renal tubular acidosis
• Diabetic ketoacidosis: Table 8.4-2: Metabolic acidosis with increased anion gap
• Ketonuria: Table 8.2-2: Diseases and causes that can lead to hyponatremia
• Lactate acidosis: Table 8.4-2: Metabolic acidosis with increased anion gap
• Renal tubular acidosis: Table 8.8-6: Laboratory diagnostics of renal tubular acidosis
• Poisoning (methanol, ethylenglykol): Table 8.4-2: Metabolic acidosis with increased anion gap
• Refer to section 8.4

Anorexia nervosa

• Pseudo-Cushing: Table 34.3-1: Conditions associated with pseudo-Cushing states
• Tertiary adrenal cortex insufficiency: Table 34.5-1: Diseases and syndromes associated with abnormal ACTH levels
• Therapy control in adrenal cortex insufficiency: Table 34.2-2: Hypocortisolism

Anovulatory cycle

• Table 37.5-2: Diseases and conditions associated with changes in estradiol levels

Antibody deficiency

• Antibody deficiency syndrome: Table 18.2-2: Diseases and conditions associated with hypoproteinemia
• Burns: Table 18.9-3: Laboratory findings in secondary immunoglobulin deficiency
• Common variable immunodeficiency syndrome: Table 21.2-6: Clinics and laboratory findings in primary antibody deficiency
• Lymphoblastic leukemia: Table 18.9-3: Laboratory findings in secondary immunoglobulin deficiency
• Multiple myeloma: Table 18.9-3: Laboratory findings in secondary immunoglobulin deficiency
• Nephrotic syndrome: Table 18.9-3: Laboratory findings in secondary immunoglobulin deficiency
• Protein loss enteropathy: Table 18.9-3: Laboratory findings in secondary immunoglobulin deficiency
• Selective IgA deficiency: Table 21.2-6: Clinics and laboratory findings in primary antibody deficiency
• Specific antibody deficiency: Table 21.2-6: Clinics and laboratory findings in primary antibody deficiency and
• Table 21.2-11: Tests for suspected immunodeficiency
• Thymoma: Table 18.9-3: Laboratory findings in secondary immunoglobulin deficiency
• Transient hypogammaglobulinemia: Table 21.2-6: Clinics and laboratory findings in primary antibody deficiency
• Viral infection: Table 18.9-3: Laboratory findings in secondary immunoglobulin deficiency
• X-linked agammaglobulinemia: Table 21.2-6: Clinics and laboratory findings in primary antibody deficiency
• Refer to section 21.2

Antineoplastic therapy

• Cisplatin: Table 16.8-3: Hemostasis in malignant disease
• Cytostatic therapy: Table 16.8-3: Hemostasis in malignant disease
• Elective surgery: Table 16.8-3: Hemostasis in malignant disease
• Hormone therapy: Table 16.8-3: Hemostasis in malignant disease
• Radiotherapy: Table 16.8-3: Hemostasis in malignant disease
• Refer to section 16.8

Anti-Phospholipid Syndrome (APS)

• Criteria: Table 16.22-2: Revised classification criteria for the APS
• Diseases: Table 16.22-3: Diseases associated with the anti phospholipid syndrome
• Pregnancy: Table 16.4-4: Risk of venous thromboembolism during pregnancy depending on the disorder

Antithrombin (AT) deficiency

• Advanced liver parenchymal damage (e.g., liver cirrhosis, acute toxic liver damage): Table 16.20-2: Hemostatic disorders with changes in AT
• DIC and sepsis: Table 16.5-3: Hemostaseological assays in patients with disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) and in sepsis
• Hemostasis: Table 16.20-2: Hemostatic disorders with changes in Antithrombin (AT)
• Hereditary AT deficiency: Table 16.19-7: Hereditary thrombophilia
• Immature hemostatic system of the newborn: Table 16.20-2: Hemostatic disorders with changes in AT
• Pregnancy: Table 16.4-4: Risk of venous thromboembolism during pregnancy depending on the disorder
• Venous thromboembolism: Table 16.4-4: Risk of venous thromboembolism during pregnancy depending on the disorder

Aortic dissection

• D-Dimer: Table 16.27-2: Behavior of D-Dimer concentration in thromboembolic events

APC-resistance, Factor V-Leiden

• APC resistance: Table 16.21-2: Diseases and conditions with APC resistance
• Hereditary thrombophilia: Table 16.19-7: Hereditary thrombophilia
• Pregnancy: Table 16.4-4: Risk of venous thromboembolism during pregnancy depending on the disorder

Arterial thrombosis

• Anti-phospholipid syndrome: Table 16.22-3: Diseases associated with the anti phospholipid syndrome
• Thromboembolic risk: Table 16.28-1: Mode of action, clinical significance and monitoring of platelet function inhibitors and
• Table 16.28-3: Risk stratification scheme for perioperative thromboembolism without the use of therapeutic anticoagulation and list of surgical procedures with a high risk of bleeding
• Thrombozyte aggregation: Table 16.28-5: Typical aggregation patterns under the action of platelet function inhibitors

Arthritis/Arthrosis

• Ankylosing spondylitis: Table 25.1-9: Laboratory workup for arthritis spectrum disorders
• Arthritis: Table 25.1-1: HLA associations with autoimmune diseases
• Autoimmune arthritis: Table 25.1-8: Systemic autoimmune diseases
• Axial spondyloarthritis: Table 19.1-11: Features of immune mediated inflammatory diseases
• Bechterew’s disease: Table 25.1-9: Laboratory workup for arthritis spectrum disorders
• Chikungunya (Arbovirus) associated arthritis: Table 25.1-9: Laboratory workup for arthritis spectrum disorders
• Dengue virus (Arbovirus) associated arthritis: Table 25.1-9: Laboratory workup for arthritis spectrum disorders
• Enteropathic arthritis: Table 25.1-9: Laboratory workup for arthritis spectrum disorders
• Gout: Table 25.1-9: Laboratory workup for arthritis spectrum disorders
• Gonococci arthralgia: Table 25.1-9: Laboratory workup for arthritis spectrum disorders
• Hemochromatosis: Table 25.1-9: Laboratory workup for arthritis spectrum disorders
• Hepatitis B virus associated arthritis: Table 25.1-9: Laboratory workup for arthritis spectrum disorders
• Hepatitis C: Table 25.1-9: Laboratory workup for arthritis
• Juvenile Enthesitis (Spondylarthropathy): Table 25.1-9: Laboratory workup for arthritis spectrum disorders
• Lyme arthritis: Table 25.1-9: Laboratory workup for arthritis spectrum disorders
• Mycobacteria associated arthritis: Table 25.1-9: Laboratory workup for arthritis spectrum disorders
• Parvovirus B19 associated arthritis: Table 25.1-9: Laboratory workup for arthritis spectrum disorders
• Pseudogout: Table 25.1-9: Laboratory workup for arthritis spectrum disorders
• Psoriatic arthritis: Table 19.1-11: Features of immune mediated inflammatory diseases and
• Table 25.1-9: Laboratory workup for arthritis spectrum disorders
• Reactive arthritis: Table 25.1-9: Laboratory workup for arthritis spectrum disorders
• Reiter’s syndrome: Table 25.1-9: Laboratory workup for arthritis spectrum disorders
• Rheumatoid arthritis: Table 19.1-11: Features of immune mediated inflammatory diseases and
• Table 25.1-8: Systemic autoimmune diseases and
• Table 25.1-9: Laboratory workup for arthritis spectrum disorders
• Retrovirus (HIV, HTLV-1) associated arthritis: Table 25.1-9: Laboratory workup for arthritis spectrum disorders
• Ross River Virus (Arbovirus): Table 25.1-9: Laboratory workup for arthritis spectrum disorders
• Rubella virus associated arthritis: Table 25.1-9: Laboratory workup for arthritis spectrum disorders
• Septic arthritis: Table 25.1-9: Laboratory workup for arthritis spectrum disorders
• Streptococci associated arthritis: Table 25.1-9: Laboratory workup for arthritis spectrum disorders
• Spondylarthro­pathy: Table 25.1-9: Laboratory workup for arthritis spectrum disorders
• Refer to section 25.3

Arthritis and joint effusion

• Joint replacement: Table 49-9: Clinical and laboratory findings in inflammatory arthritis
• Hemorrhagic effusion: Table 49-1: Diseases with joint effusions and their classification into four categories and
• Table 49-3: Diseases causing hemarthros and hemorrhagic synovial fluid (SF) and
• Table 49-8: Laboratory findings in synovial fluid classified according to specific joint diseases
• Cristal arthropathy: Table 49-9: Clinical and laboratory findings in inflammatory arthritis
• Löfgren-Syndrom: Table 49-1: Diseases with joint effusions and their classification into four categories
• Osteoarthritis: Table 49-7: Laboratory findings in SF classified according to specific joint diseases and
• Table 49-9: Clinical and laboratory findings in inflammatory arthritis
• Pseudo gout: Table 49-1: Diseases with joint effusions and their classification into four categories and
• Table 49-4: Polymorphic neutrophil count in dependence of joint disease
• Table 49-6: Synovial fluid findings in joint disease and
• Table 49-7: Laboratory findings in SF classified according to specific joint diseases and
• Table 49-9: Clinical and laboratory findings in inflammatory arthritis
• Rheumatic arthritis: Table 49-4: Polymorphic neutrophil count in dependence of joint disease and
• Table 49-9: Clinical and laboratory findings in inflammatory arthritis
• Viral arthritis: Table 49-1: Diseases with joint effusions and their classification into four categories and
• Table 49-9: Clinical and laboratory findings in inflammatory arthritis
• Refer to chapter 49

Asbestosis

• Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL): Table 48-3: Disorders associated with increased percentage of specific BAL cell types and
• Table 48-6: Non infectious diseases in which bronchoalveolar lavage can provide useful information
• Refer to chapter 48

Ascites

• Albumin-ascites ratio: Table 47.1-4: Assessment of serum albumin-ascites ratio
• Ascites types: Table 47.1-5: Assessment of laboratory findings in different types of ascites
• Aspect: Table 47.1-2: Aspects of ascites and diagnostic clue
• Investigations: Table 47.1-3: Laboratory investigation of ascites according to the AASLD practice guidelines
• Plasminogen: Table 16.23-1: Diseases and conditions associated with altered plasminogen concentration
• Table 47.1-1: Types of ascites
• Refer to section 47.1

Asherman syndrome

• Table 37.10-1: Clinical application of the determination of anti-Müller hormone (AMH)

Asparaginase therapy

• Fibrinogen: Table 16.16-2: Diseases and conditions associated with decreased fibrinogen
• FXIII: Table 16.17-1: Hemostatic disorders in association with reduced factor FXIII

Asthma, COPD

• Asthma: Table 15.12-11: Differentiation of eosinophilia
• Eosinophilia: Table 15.12-11: Differentiation of eosinophilia

Atherosclerosis

• CRP: Table 19.4-3: Behavior of CRP in diseases associated wit low-grade inflammation
• Cisplatin: Table 16.8-3: Hemostasis in malignant disease
• Cytostatic therapy: Table 16.8-3: Hemostasis in malignant disease
• Elective surgery: Table 16.8-3: Hemostasis in malignant disease
• Hormone therapy: Table 16.8-3: Hemostasis in malignant disease
• Radiotherapy: Table 16.8-3: Hemostasis in malignant disease
• Reactive oxygen species (ROS): Table 19.2-4: Disease in which ROS have a significant pathogenetic role
• Refer to section 2.1.3

Athlets, body building

• Table 6.3-3: Diseases and conditions associated with hypophosphatemia

Atrial fibrillation

• BNP: Table 2.8-2: Behavior of BNP and NT-proBNP in disease states

Autoantibodies

• AMA: Refer to section 25.7.1.4
• ANA: Refer to section 25.2
• ANCA: Refer to section 25.8.2
• Diabetes type 1: Refer to section 25.9
• Gastrointestinal disease: Refer to section 25.10
• Myopathies: Refer to section 25.5
• Neurological disease: Refer to section 25.6 and
• section 46.2.7
• Organ-specific autoimmune diseases: Refer to section 25.1.3.5.1
• Rheumatoid disease: Refer to section 25.3
• Vasculitis: Refer to section 25.8.1

Autoimmune disease

• Acute-phase response: Table 19.1-6: Acute phase response induced by various inflammatory stimuli
• Anti phospholipid syndrome: Table 16.22-2: Revised classification criteria for the APS
• Autoimmune neutropenia: Table 15.12-7: Secondary neutropenia
• Amyloid A (SAA): Table 19.6-3: SAA in inflammatory diseases
• Immune thrombocytopenia: Table 15.11-8: Thrombocytopenia of various origin
• Systemic Lupus erythematosus: Table 16.22-3: Diseases associated with the anti phospholipid syndrome

Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome

• Refer to section 34.1.7 – Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome (APS)

Autoimmune diseases of the liver and the bile ducts

• Alcohol consumption: Table 18.6-3: Acute metabolic changes following alcohol consumption
• ANCA: Table 25.7-2: Autoantibodies of high relevance in autoimmune liver disease
• Anti-mitochondrial antibodies: Table 25.7-1: Autoimmune liver disease
• Antinuclear antibodies in AIH type 1: Table 25.7-2: Autoantibodies of high relevance in autoimmune liver disease
• Antinuclear antibodies in primary biliary cirrhosis: Table 25.7-2: Autoantibodies of high relevance in autoimmune liver disease
• ASMA: Table 25.7-2: Autoantibodies of high relevance in autoimmune liver disease
• Aspartate aminotransferase-to-platelet ratio index (APRI): Table 1.2-1: Hepatic fibrosis staging based on scores and serum markers
• Autoantibodies: Table 25.7-2: Autoantibodies of high relevance in autoimmune liver disease and
• Table 25.7-5: Prevalence of autoantibodies in chronic liver disease
• Autoimmune hepatitis: Table 25.7-1: Autoimmune liver disease
• LC-1 (AIH Typ 2) antibodies: Table 25.7-2: Autoantibodies of high relevance in autoimmune liver disease
• Primary biliary cholangitis: Table 18.6-3: Acute metabolic changes following alcohol consumption and
• Table 25.7-1: Autoimmune liver disease
• Soluble liver antigen (AIH Typ 1) antibodies: Table 1.2-5: Biomarkers in hepatopathies and
• Table 25.7-2: Autoantibodies of high relevance in autoimmune liver disease
• Refer to chapter 25.7

Autoimmune encephalitis

• Non-paraneoplastic: Table 25.6-4: Antibodies (non-paraneoplastic) targeting intracellular neural antigens
• Paraneoplastic: Table 25.6-3: Antibodies (paraneoplastic) targeting intracellular neural antigens
• Synaptic: Table 25.6-5: Antibodies targeting extracellular/synaptic neural antigens

Autoimmune pancreatitis

• Antibodies: Table 25.10-1: Diagnostic antibodies in gastrointestinal disease

Azotemia

• Post renal azotemia: Table 12.6-4: Diseases and conditions that cause elevated serum urea
• Pre renal azotemia: Table 12.6-4: Diseases and conditions that cause elevated serum urea

B

Bacterial infectious diseases

• Babesiosis: Section 42.21
• Bartonellosis: Section 42.2
• Brucellosis: Section 42.4
• Campylobacter infection: Section 42.5
• Chlamydia pneumoniae: Section 42.6.2
• Chlamydia psittaci: Section 42.6.4
• Chlamydia trachomatis: Section 42.6.1
• Chlamydial infection: Section 42.6
• Ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis: Section 42.7
• Gonorrhea: Section 42.8
• Helicobacter pylori infection: Section 42.9
• Legionellosis: Section 42.10
• Leptospirosis: Section 42.11
• Lyme borreliosis: Section 42.3
• Mycobacterial infection: Section 42.12
• Pertussis: Section 42.13
• Salmonellosis: Section 42.15
• Sexual transmitted diseases: Section 42.23
• Shigellosis: Section 42.16
• Simkania negevensis: Section 42.6.3
• Staphylococcus aureus infection: Section 42.17
• Streptococcus pyogenes infection: Section 42.18
• Syphilis: Section 42.14
• Tularemia: Section 42.19
• Yersiniosis: Section 42.20
• Refer to chapter 42

BARD Score

• Table 1.2-1: Hepatic fibrosis staging based on scores and serum markers

Bartter syndrome

• Aldosteronism: Table 31.4-9: Secondary aldosteronism, mineralocorticoid excess and hypertension
• Hypokalemia: Table 8.7-2: Diseases and conditions associated with hypokalemia and
• Table 8.8-9: Hyperkaluric hypokalemia
• Magnesium: Table 10.5-2: Diseases and disorders associated with magnesium deficiency
• Potassium: Table 8.7-2: Diseases and conditions associated with hypokalemia
• Pseudo-Bartter syndrome: Table 8.7-2: Diseases and conditions associated with hypokalemia
• Refer to section 8.7.5

Berylliosis

• Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE): Table 1.5-2: Elevated ACE at other diseases and conditions
• BAL cell types: Table 48-3: Disorders associated with increased percentage of specific BAL cell types
• Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL): Table 48-6: Non infectious diseases in which BAL can provide useful information

Bilirubinemia

• Acute hepatitis through hepatotropic viruses: Table 5.2-3: Intrahepatic hyperbilirubinemia
• Alcoholic hepatitis: Table 5.2-3: Intrahepatic hyperbilirubinemia
• Autoimmune hepatitis: Table 5.2-3: Intrahepatic hyperbilirubinemia
• Benign recurrent intrahepatic cholestasis: Table 5.2-5: Hereditary hyperbilirubinemia
• Biliary atresia: Table 5.2-4: Post hepatic hyperbilirubinemia
• Bilirubin induced neurologic dysfunction: Table 5.2-2: Prehepatic hyperbilirubinemia
• Blood transfusion in newborns: Table 5.2-2: Prehepatic hyperbilirubinemia
• Chronic hepatitis through hepatotropic viruses: Table 5.2-3: Intrahepatic hyperbilirubinemia
• Crigler-Najjar syndrome: Table 5.2-5: Hereditary hyperbilirubinemia
• Dubin-Johnson syndrome: Table 5.2-5: Hereditary hyperbilirubinemia
• Extrahepatic cholestasis: Table 5.2-4: Post hepatic hyperbilirubinemia
• Gilbert syndrome: Table 5.2-5: Hereditary hyperbilirubinemia
• Hemolytic anemia: Table 5.2-2: Prehepatic hyperbilirubinemia
• Icterus neonatorum: Table 5.2-2: Prehepatic hyperbilirubinemia
• Liver cirrhosis: Table 5.2-3: Intrahepatic hyperbilirubinemia
• Pregnancy: Table 5.2-3: Intrahepatic hyperbilirubinemia
• Primary sclerosing cholangitis: Table 5.2-4: Post hepatic hyperbilirubinemia
• Progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis: Table 5.2-5: Hereditary hyperbilirubinemia
• Rotor syndrome: Table 5.2-5: Hereditary hyperbilirubinemia
• Refer to section 5.2

Bladder cancer

• Cyfra: Table 28.14-6: Cyfra 21-1 in the diagnosis of urinary bladder cancer

Blood donation/blood transfusion

• Blood loss: Table 15.3-8: Blood cell status in certain groups of individuals and patients
• Erythropoietin (EPO): Table 15.10-2: Diseases and conditions with adequate increase in EPO concentration
• Hematocrit: Table 15.4-3: Diseases and conditions with decreased hematocrit

Blood group incompatibility mother/child

• AB0 constellation: Table 38.1-11: Laboratory tests for suspected high risk pregnancy or high risk delivery
• AB0 determination: Table 38.1-10: Laboratory tests for the diagnosis and monitoring of pregnancy
• Antibody screening: Table 38.1-10: Laboratory tests for the diagnosis and monitoring of pregnancy
• Direct Coombs test: Table 38.1-10: Laboratory tests for the diagnosis and monitoring of pregnancy
• Rh constellation: Table 38.1-10: Laboratory tests for the diagnosis and monitoring of pregnancy
• Rh factor D determination: Table 38.1-10: Laboratory tests for the diagnosis and monitoring of pregnancy
• Rhesus constellation mother Rh(D) negative, father Rh(D) positive: Table 38.1-11: Laboratory tests for suspected high risk pregnancy or high risk delivery
• Refer to section 27.5

Body fluids

• Ascites: Table 47.1-5: Assessment of laboratory test results in different types of ascites
• Bile: Table 47.4-2: Diseases associated with changes in bile composition
• Cerebro spinal fluid (CSF): Table 3.4-3: Diagnostic significance of glucose measurements in CSF and extravascular fluids
• Pericardial effusions: Table 47.3-5: Diseases associated with pericardial effusions
• Urine: Table 3.4-2: Diseases and conditions associated with glucosuria
• Refer to chapter 47

Bone disease

• β-CrossLaps: Table 6.12-2: β-CTX (β-CrossLaps) in diseases with increased bone turnover
• Bone metastases: Table 6.9-2: Diseases with increased osteocalcin concentration
• Bone turnover and fracture risk: Table 6.12-2: β-CTX (β-CrossLaps) in diseases with increased bone turnover
• Corticosteroid associated osteoporosis: Table 1.3-7: Diseases associated with low ALP levels
• Diseases and disorders of bone mineralization: Table 6.1-6: Diseases involving disorders of bone mineralization
• Osteomalacia: Table 1.3-4: Diseases of the skeletal system associated with elevated alkaline phosphatase (ALP(
• Osteoporosis: Table 1.3-4: Diseases of the skeletal system associated with elevated ALP
• Osteosarcoma, Ewing sarcoma: Table 1.3-5: ALP as biomarker in malignant tumors and bone metastases
• Primary hyperparathyroidism: Table 1.3-4: Diseases of the skeletal system associated with elevated ALP
• Refer to section 6.1

Bone involvement in tumors

• Corticosteroid induced osteoporosis: Table 1.3-7: Diseases associated with low alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels
• Osteomalacia: Table 1.3-4: Diseases of the skeletal system associated with elevated ALP
• Osteoporosis: Table 1.3-4: Diseases of the skeletal system associated wit elevated total ALP
• Osteosarcoma, Ewing sarcoma: Table 1.3-5: ALP as biomarker in malignant tumors and bone metastases

Bone metabolism

• Puberty: Table 6.1-5: Bone metabolism in puberty, pregnancy and with osteoporosis
• Refer to section 6.1

Bowel disease

• Appendicitis: Table 19.4-2: CRP in diseases associated with mild to high-grade inflammation
• Bacterial colonization of the small intestine: Table 14.3-7: Gastrointestinal diseases with reduced D-xylose excretion
• Bacterial diarrhea: Table 14.3-13: Fecal calprotectin in functional and inflammatory intestinal disease
• Chronic inflammatory bowel disease: Table 1.7-6: Other diseases possibly associated with reduced Cholinesterase (ChE) activity
• Colon carcinoma: Table 14.3-13: Fecal calprotectin in functional and inflammatory intestinal disease
• Crohn’s disease: Table 14.3-13: Fecal calprotectin in functional and inflammatory intestinal disease
• Disorders of the ileum and reduced reabsorption of bile acids: Table 14.2-9: Diseases associated with increased fecal fat excretion
• Inflammatory bowel disease: Table 13.4-4: Risk groups and diseases associated with folate deficiency and
• Table 19.4-2: CRP in diseases associated with mild to high-grade inflammation
• Inflammatory bowel disease in clinical remission: Table 14.3-13: Fecal calprotectin in functional and inflammatory intestinal disease
• Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS): Table 14.3-13: Fecal calprotectin in functional and inflammatory intestinal disease
• Protein losing enteropathy, intestinal lymphangiectasia: Table 14.3-3: Diseases producing malabsorption
• Screening at suspicion of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD): Table 14.3-13: Fecal calprotectin in functional and inflammatory intestinal diseases
• Ulcerative colitis: Table 14.3-3: Diseases producing malabsorption and
• Table 14.3-13: Fecal calprotectin in functional and inflammatory intestinal disease
• Ulcerative colitis, Crohn’s disease: Table 16.17-1: Hemostatic disorders in association with reduced FXIII
• Visceral neuropathy: Table 14.5-11: Diseases and conditions with elevated PP concentration
• Whipple’s disease: Table 14.3-3: Diseases producing malabsorption
• Refer to chapter 14

Breast cancer

• Breast cancer: Table 13.4-4: Folate associated risk groups and diseases and
• Table 28.2-3: Oncogenes, oncogene products and tumor suppressor genes in cancer patients
• CA 15-3: Table 28.11-1: Diagnostic sensitivity of CA 15-3 in benign and malignant diseases
• CA 72-4: Table 28.10-1: Diagnostic sensitivity of CA 72-4 in benign and malignant diseases
• CEA: Table 28.13-1: Serum CEA concentration in non-malignant and malignant disease
• HER-2/neu: Table 28.17-1: HER-2/neu in healthy controls
• HER-2: Table 28.2-1: Examples of protooncogenes and oncogenes and their clinical significance and
• Table 28.17-2: Levels of HER-2/neu and clinical outcomes after trastuzumab therapy
• Refer to chapter 28

Burns

• Hypophophatemia: Table 6.3-3: Diseases and conditions associated with hypophosphatemia
• FXIII: Table 16.17-1: Hemostatic disorders in association with reduced FXIII

C

C1-Inhibitor (C1-Inh) deficiency

• Fibrinolytic system: Table 16.1-4: Inhibitors of the fibrinolytic system
• Refer to section 24.5.2

Carcinoid

• Carcinoid syndrome: Table 14.2-9: Diseases associated with increased fecal fat excretion
• Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs): Table 14.5-2: NETs of the gastro entero pancreatic system
• Refer to Section 14.5.4.5.1

Cardiac disease

• Anti-phospholipid syndrome: Table 16.22-3: Diseases in association with anti-phospholipid syndrome
• Arrhythmia: Table 1.6-4: Aminotransferases in cardiac disease and diseases with similar syndromes
• Atrial fibrillation: Table 16.27-2: Behavior of the D-dimer concentration in thromboembolic events
• Cardiac failure: Table 19.2-4: Diagnostic significance of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the pathogenesis of cardiac failure
• Cardiovascular risk: Table 12.9-6: Albuminuria, marker of nephropathy and systemic diseases
• Cholin: Table 13.6-4: Association between cholin deficiency and disease
• Chronic heart disease (CHD): Table 14.5-5: Chromogranin A in neuroendocrine tumors and other diseases
• Coronary heart disease: Table 12.1-10: Chronic kidney disease in association with systemic disease
• CRP: Table 19.4-3: Behavior of CRP in diseases associated with low grade inflammation
• Cystatin C: Table 12.7-2: Diagnostic significance of cystatin C in impaired renal function
• D-Dimer: Table 16.27-2: Behavior of D-Dimer concentration in thromboembolic events
• Endogenous thrombin potential (ETP): Table 16.14-1: Hemostatic disorders with change in ETP
• Infection: Table 15.11-7: Diseases and conditions with secondary thrombocytosis
• Myocardial infarction: Table 19.4-2: CRP in diseases associated with mild to high-grade inflammation
• Intervention in patients with increased CRP (tertiary prevention): Table 19.4-3: Behavior of CRP in diseases associated with low-grade inflammation
• Plasminogen: Table 16.25-1: Diseases and conditions associated with abnormal plasminogen activator and abnormal plasminogen activator inhibitor concentration
• Plasminogen activator (PA), Plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI): Table 16.25-1: Diseases and conditions associated with abnormal PA and PAI concentrations
• Primary cardiac intervention, risk stratification (primary prevention): Table 19.4-3: Behavior of CRP in diseases associated with low-grade inflammation
• Risk stratification (primary prevention): Table 19.4-3: Behavior of CRP in diseases associated with low-grade inflammation
• Risk of coronary heart disease and mortality: Table 12.7-2: Diagnostic significance of cystatin C in impaired kidney function
• Risk stratification (secondary prevention): Table 19.4-3: Behavior of CRP in diseases associated with low-grade inflammation
• Secondary prevention: Table 19.4-3: Behavior of CRP in diseases associated with low-grade inflammation
• Serum amyloid A (SAA): Table 19.6-3: SAA in inflammatory diseases
• Stent implantation: Table 19.4-3: Behavior of CRP in diseases associated with low-grade inflammation
• Tertiary intervention in patients with elevated CRP: Table 19.4-3: Behavior of CRP in diseases associated with low-grade inflammation
• Troponin: Table 2.4-3: Cardiac troponin in acute coronary syndrome and other types of myocardial injury
• Vitamin D: Table 6.6-3: Diseases and conditions with modified 25(OH)D or 1,25 (OH)2D concentration
• Refer to chapter 2

Cardiac intervention

• Cardiac cathederization: Table 1.6-4: Aminotransferases in cardiac disease and diseases with similar syndromes
• Cardiac surgery: Table 2.4-3: Cardiac troponin (cTn) in acute coronary syndrome and other types of myocardial injury
• Condition after cardioversion and defibrillation: Table 2.4-3: cTn in acute coronary syndrome and other types of myocardial injury
• Coronary artery replacement (type 5 myocardial infarction): Table 2.4-3: Cardiac troponin in acute coronary syndrome and other types of myocardial injury
• Pace maker implantation: Table 1.6-4: Aminotransferases in cardiac diseases and diseases with similar syndromes
• Percutaneous coronary intervention: Table 2.5-1: CK-MB mass in acute coronary syndrome and other muscular damage
• Stent implantation: Table 19.4-3: Behavior of CRP in diseases associated low-grade inflammation

Carnitine deficiency

• Acquired causes: Table 5.3-3: Acquired causes of systemic secondary carnitine deficiency
• Diabetes type 1: Table 5.3-3: Acquired causes of systemic secondary carnitine deficiency
• Enzyme defects of β-oxidation and of the respiratory chain: Table 5.3-2: Hereditary causes of systemic secondary carnitine deficiency
• Hemodialysis: Table 5.3-3: Acquired causes of systemic secondary carnitine deficiency
• Hereditary causes: Table 5.3-2: Hereditary causes of systemic secondary carnitine deficiency
• Organoacidopathy: Table 5.3-2: Hereditary causes of systemic secondary carnitine deficiency
• Parenteral nutrition: Table 5.3-3: Acquired causes of systemic secondary carnitine deficiency
• Pregnancy: Table 5.3-3: Acquired causes of systemic secondary carnitine deficiency

Celiac disease

• Antibodies: Table 1.3-4: Diagnostic antibodies in gastrointestinal disease
• Bone mineralization: Table 6.1-6: Diseases involving disorders of bone mineralization
• Calcium: Table 6.2-7: Diseases associated with increased urinary calcium
• Vitamin D: Table 6.6-3: Diseases and conditions with modified 25(OH)D or 1,25 (OH)2D concentration

Central nervous system disorders

• Disorders of water balance: Table 8.6-8: Disorders of the water balance with increase of AVP and CT-proAVP
• Psychotic patients: Table 8.2-2: Diseases and causes that can lead to hyponatremia
• Refer to chapter 8

Cerebral salt loss

• Water balance: Arginine Vasopressin (AVP) und CT-proAVP: Table 8.6-8: Disorders of the water balance with increase of AVP and CT-proAVP

Cerebral seizures

• Enzymes: Refer to section 1.1.3.5

Ceruloplasmin deficiency

• Aceruloplasminemia: Table 18.7-6: Diseases that may be associated with ceruloplasmin deficiency
• Hupke-Brendl syndrome: Table 18.7-6: Diseases that may be associated with ceruloplasmin deficiency
• Nutritive copper deficiency: Table 18.7-6: Diseases that may be associated with ceruloplasmin deficiency
• Wilson’s disease: Table 18.7-4: Diagnosis of Wilson’s disease according to the AASLD practice guidelines
• Refer to section 18.7

Chemotherapy/Radiotherapy

• Chemotherapy: Table 15.12-7: Secondary neutropenia
• Troponin: Table 2.4-3: Cardiac troponin in acute coronary syndrome and other types of myocardial injury
• Vitamin B12 deficiency: Table 15.3-14: Classification and differentiation of macrocytic anemia

Chloridorrhea

• Potassium: Table 8.7-2: Diseases and conditions associated with hypokalemia

Cholestatic syndromes

• Acute hepatitis, cholestatic course: Table 1.6-3: Aminotransferases in patients with hepatopathies
• Bacterial infection: Table 1.6-3: Aminotransferases in patients with hepatopathies
• Biliary atresia: Table 1.9-4: GGT in hepatic and biliary tract diseases
• Bylers syndrome: Table 1.9-4: GGT in hepatic and biliary tract diseases
• Cholinesterase (ChE): Table 1.7-4: Liver diseases possibly associated with decreased ChE activity
• Cholangitis: Table 18.9-4: Pattern of IgG, IgA, IgM in liver diseases
• Extrahepatic cholestasis: Table 1.9-4: GGT in hepatic and biliary tract diseases
• Extrahepatic occlusion icterus: Table 1.6-3: Aminotransferases in patients with hepatopathies
• GGT: Table 1.9-4: GGT in hepatic and biliary tract diseases
• Idiopathic post-operative cholestasis: Table 1.6-3: Aminotransferases in patients with hepatopathies
• Intrahepatic cholestasis: Table 1.3-3: Hepatic and biliary tract diseases associated with elevated total ALP
• Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (ICP): Table 1.9-4: GGT in hepatic and biliary tract diseases
• Occlusion icterus: Table 1.3-3: Hepatic and biliary tract diseases associated with elevated alkaline phosphatase and
• Table 1.10-4: Glutamate dehydogenase in hepatic and biliary tract disease
• Primarily sclerosing cholangitis (PSC): Table 1.9-4: Gamma glutamyl transferase in hepatic and biliary tract diseases

Choriocarcinoma

• FIGO staging: Table 28.16-9: FIGO staging and classification for trophoblastic tumors
• hCG: Table 28.16-3: Prevalence of increased β-hCG and hCGβ in malignant disease
• Testicular cancer: Table 28.16-7: Behavior of serum markers in testicular cancer

Colorectal carcinoma

• Table 28.2-3: Oncogenes, oncogene products and tumor suppressor genes in cancer patients

Community acquired pneumonia

• Refer to section 43.68

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH)

• Congenital adrenogenital syndrome (AGS): Table 34.6-2: Enzyme deficiency in congenital adrenal hyperplasia and
• Table 34.9-2: DHEAS in hyperandrogenism
• Refer to section 34.6

Chronic atrophic gastritis

• Antibodies: Table 25.10-1: Diagnostic antibodies in gastrointestinal disease

Chronic berylliosis

• Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE): Table 1.5-2: Increase in ACE

Chronic infection/inflammation of the central nervous system

• Antibody index: Table 46-19: Calculation of the intrathecal antibody index (ITpa index)
• Chronic infectious and chronic inflammatory disorders: Table 46-18: Investigations for differentiation of chronic infectious and chronic inflammatory disorders
• Refer to chapter 46

Chronic kidney disease (CKD)

• Blood gas analysis: Table 12.1-5: Diagnostically significant laboratory tests in acute renal failure
• Chronic hemodialysis: Table 13.4-4: Risk groups and diseases associated with folate deficiency
• Chronic progressive renal disease: Table 12.4-4: Diseases and conditions that can cause a change in serum creatinine
• Creatinine: Table 12.4-4: Diseases and conditions that can cause a change in serum creatinine
• Cystatin C: Table 12.7-2: Diagnostic significance of cystatin C in impaired renal function
• Folate deficiency: Table 13.4-4: Risk groups and diseases associated with folate deficiency
• HDL-cholesterol: Refer to section 4.2.5.4 – Clinical significance of HDL-C
• Hemodialysis: Table 12.6-4: Diseases and conditions that cause elevated serum urea
• Homocysteinemia: Table 13.1-4: Causes and diseases possibly associated with hyperhomocysteinemia
• Hyperuricemia: Table 5.4-10: Association of hyperuricemia with other diseases
• Hypogonadism:Table 37.3-3: Secondary hypogonadismus and mixed acquired hypogonadism
• Mineral metabolism and chronic kidney disease: Table 12.1-10: Chronic kidney disease in association with systemic disease
• Neurological disorders: Table 12.1-10: Chronic kidney disease in association with systemic disease
• Pregnancy: Table 12.1-10: Chronic kidney disease in association with systemic disease
• Renal osteodystrophy: Table 1.3-4: Diseases of the skeletal system associated with elevated total ALP
• Rheumatoid arthritis: Table 12.7-2: Diagnostic significance of cystatin C in impaired renal function
• Sickle cell anemia: Table 12.1-10: Chronic kidney disease in association with systemic disease
• Systemic inflammation: Table 12.1-10: Chronic kidney disease in association with systemic disease
• Thyroid function: Table 12.1-10: Chronic kidney disease in association with systemic disease
• Urea: Table 12.6-4: Diseases and conditions that cause elevated serum urea
• Vitamin B12 deficiency: Table 13.3-4: Diseases and defects associated with vitamin B12 deficiency
• Refer to chapter 12.1.2

Chronic obstructive lung disease (COPD)

• Alpha1-Antitrypsin (AAT) deficiency: Table 18.5-3: Clinical manifestation of the AAT deficiency
• Eosinophil count: Table 15.12-11: Differential diagnosis of eosinophilia

Clotting factor deficiency

• Afibrinogenemia/hypofibrinogenemia: Table 16.12-1: Hemostatic disorders with prolonged prothrombin time
• Factor V: Table 16.19-7: Hereditary thrombophilia and
• Different FV polymorphisms: Table 16.19-7: Hereditary thrombophilia
• Factor V gene mutation (FV-Leiden): Table 16.19-7: Hereditary thrombophilia
• Factor V inhibitor: Table 16.10-3: Hemostatic disorders with prolonged prothrombin time
• Factor VII: Table 16.15-1: Hemostatic disorders associated with hereditary reduction in coagulation factors
• Factor VIII: Table 16.15-1: Hemostatic disorders associated with hereditary reduction in coagulation factors
• Factor VIII antibodies: Table 16.15-1: Hemostatic disorders associated with hereditary reduction in coagulation factors
• Factor IX: Table 16.15-1: Hemostatic disorders associated with hereditary reduction in coagulation factors
• Factor X: Table 16.10-3: Hemostatic disorders associated with hereditary reduction in coagulation factors
• Factor XI: Table 16.15-1: Hemostatic disorders associated with hereditary reduction in coagulation factors
• Factor XIII: Table 16.17-1: Hemostatic disorders in association with reduced FXIII
• Factor XIII inhibitor: Table 16.17-1: Hemostatic disorders in association with reduced FXIII
• Fibrinogen: Table 16.16-2: Diseases and conditions associated with decreased fibrinogen and
• Changed fibrinogen: Table 16.12-1: Hemostatic disorders with prolonged prothrombin time
• Innate deficiency of clotting factors: Table 16.11-1: Hemostatic disorders with prolonged activated prothrombin time (aPTT) and
• Table 16.12-1: Hemostatic disorders with prolonged prothrombin time
• Innate deficiency of prothrombine complex: Table 16.10-3: Hemostatic disorders with prolonged prothrombin time
• Phenotype APC-Resistenz: Table 16.19-7: Hereditary thrombophilia
• Refer to chapter 16

Collagenosis

• Connective tissue disease: Table 25.2-2: Autoantibodies and target antigens in systemic autoimmune diseases, especially connective tissue disease

Cold agglutinin disease

• Section 18.11: Cryoglobulins, Cryofibrinogen, Cold agglutinins

Colorectal cancer

• Carcino embryonic antigen (CEA): Table 28.13-1: Serum CEA concentration in non malignant and malignant disease
• Colorectal carcinoma: Table 13.4-4: Folate associated risk groups and diseases and
• Table 14.5-5: CgA in neuroendocrine tumors and other diseases and
• Table 14.4-1: FOBT for the diagnosis of colorectal cancer and advanced adenoma detection and
• Table 13.6-4: Association of cholin deficiency with diseases and
• Table 28.2-3: Oncogenes, oncogene products and tumor suppressor genes in cancer patients
• Occult blood in feces: Table 14.4-1: FOBT for the diagnosis of colorectal cancer and advanced adenoma detection
• Tumor markers: Table 28.6-4: Tumor markers in cancers
• Refer to chapter 28

Complicating disorders and diseases of the pregnant

• Amniotic infection syndrome: Table 19.4-2: CRP in diseases associated with mild to high-grade inflammation
• Anti-phospholipid syndrome: Table 16.22-3: Diseases associated with antiphospholipid syndrome
• Blood coagulation: Table 16.4-1: Procoagulants, inhibitors and fibrinolysis activators and
• Table 16.20-2: Hemostatic disorders with changes in antithrombin and
• Table 16.25-1: Diseases and conditions associated with abnormal plasminogen activator (PA) and plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI) concentrations
• Blood count: Table 15.3-8: Blood cell status in certain groups of individuals and patients
• Diabetes mellitus: Table 3.1-6: Testing for diabetes in pregnant women
• Erythropoietin (EPO): Table 15.10-2: Diseases and conditions associated with an adequate rise in EPO
• Granulocytes: Table 15.12-4: Diseases and conditions with neutrophilia
• Hematocrit: Table 15.4-3: Diseases and conditions with decreased HCT
• Immunization in pregnancy: Section 27.2.4.2
• Postpartum hemorrhage: Table 15.3-11: Classification and differentiation of normocytic anemia
• Preeclampsia: Table 38.8-1: Clinical criteria of preeclampsia (PE), severe PE, and HELLP syndrome and
• Table 38.9-1: Consensus statements for the implementation of the sFlt-1/PlGF ratio for prediction and diagnosis of preeclampsia in singleton pregnancy
• Proteinuria: Table 12.9-3: Etiology of proteinuria and
• Table 16.20-2: Hemostatic disorders with changes in antithrombin
• Rh-factor, weak D, partial D and DEL: Section 27.4.1.1
• Risk of postpartum depression: Table 30.5-2: Thyroid peroxidase antibodies (anti-TPOAk) in thyroid disease
• Spontaneous abortion: Table 30.3-3: Diseases and conditions associated with changes in FT4 and/or TT4
• Table 16.22-3: Diseases associated with the anti-phospholipid syndrome and
• Table 30.5-1: Thyroglobulin antibodies in different disorders and
• Table 30.5-2: Thyroid peroxidase antibodies in thyroid disease
• Subclinical hypothyroidism: Table 30.5-2: Thyroid peroxidase antibodies in thyroid disease
• Thrombocytes: Table 15.11-8: Thrombozytopenias of various origin and
• Table 15.11-9: Pregnancy associated thrombocytopenia
• Thrombophilia: Table 16.4-4: Risk of venous thromboembolism during pregnancy depending on the disorder and
• Table 16.4-5: Odds ratios for complications in pregnancy in the presence of hereditary thrombophilia
• Thyroid peroxidase antibodies (TPOAk): Table 30.5-2: TPOAk in thyroid disease
• Thyroglobulin receptor antibodies (TRAk): Table 30.5-3: TRAk in thyroid disease
• TSH: Table 30.2-5: TSH in thyroid disease and non-thyroidal illness
• Trophoblast tumor: Table 38.2-4: hCG and hCG variants in pregnancy and thromphoblastic disease
• Thyroid disease: Table 30.1-3: Primary thyroid disorders associated with hyper-, hypo-, and euthyroidism
• Unexpected antibodies: Table 27.6: Prevalence of irregular antibodies
• Refer to chapter 38

Common cold

• Serum Amyloid A (SAA): Table 19.6-3: SAA in inflammatory diseases

Complement deficiency

• Acquired complement deficiency: Table 24-5: Acquired deficiency of complement components
• Cryoglobulinemia: Table 24-3: Genetic complement deficiency disease
• Drug mediated lupus erythematosus: Table 24-3: Genetic complement deficiency disease
• Immunodeficiency: Table 21.2-11: Tests for suspected immunodeficiency
• Rheumatoid arthritis: Table 24-3: Genetic complement deficiency disease
• Sjögren syndrome: Table 24-3: Genetic complement deficiency disease
• Systemic lupus erythematosus: Table 24-3: Genetic complement deficiency disease
• Refer to chapter 24

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH)

• Congenital adrenogenital syndrome: Table 34.6-2: Enzyme deficiency in congenital adrenal hyperplasia and
• Table 34.9-2: DHEAS in hyperandrogenism
• Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS): Table 34.9-2: DHEAS in hyperandrogenism

Congenital and perinatal infections

• Group B streptococci: Table 38.1-10: Laboratory tests for the diagnosis and monitoring of pregnancy
• Hepatitis B: Table 38.1-12: Laboratory tests for suspected embryonic and fetal infection
• Listeria: Table 38.1-12: Laboratory tests for suspected embryonic and fetal infection
• Parvovirus B19: Table 38.1-12: Laboratory tests for suspected embryonic and fetal infection
• Rubella: Table 38.1-12: Laboratory tests for suspected embryonic and fetal infection
• Sepsis: Table 38.1-11: Laboratory tests for suspected high risk pregnancy or high risk delivery
• Syphilis: Table 38.1-12: Laboratory tests for suspected embryonic and fetal infection
• Toxoplasmosis: Table 38.1-12: Laboratory tests for suspected embryonic and fetal infection
• Refer to chapter 38

Consumptive coagulopathy

• Disseminiated intravascular coagulation: Table 16.15-2: Hemostatic disorders associated with acquired reduction in coagulation factors
• FXIII: Table 16.17-1: Hemostatic disorders in association with reduced FXIII
• Hyperfibrinolysis: Table 16.10-3: Hemostatic disorders with prolonged prothrombin time
• Inflammation: Table 16.24-1: Diseases and conditions associated with reduced α2-antiplasmin
• Refer to chapter 16

Copper associated disease

• Table 10.4-2: Diseases and conditions with copper deficiency and copper overload

Corpus luteum insufficiency

• Table 37.5-2: Diseases and conditions associated with changes in estradiol levels

COVID-19

• Table 19.1-6: Acute phase response induced by various inflammatory stimuli
• Table 7.3-4: Diseases and conditions associated with elevated concentration of ferritin
• Refer to section 43.13

Critically ill

• Acute metabolic acidosis: Table 8.3-3: Diseases associated with an increase in serum chloride and
• Table 8.3-4: Diseases associated with a decrease in serum chloride
• Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP): Table 1.3-4: Diseases of the skeletal system associated with elevated ALP
• Hypogonadism: Table 37.3-3: Secondary hypogonadism and mixed acquired hypogonadism
• Intensive care patient: Table 8.2-3: Diseases and causes that can lead to hypernatremia
• Pseudo-Cushing: Table 34.3-1: Conditions associated with pseudo-Cushing states

Crohn’s disease

• Antibodies: Table 1.3-4: Diagnostic antibodies in gastrointestinal disease
• Crohn’s disease: Table 19.1-11: Features of immune mediated inflammatory diseases

Crush syndrome

• Diabetic ketoacidosis: Table 6.3-3: Diseases and conditions associated with hypophosphatemia
• Phosphate: Table 6.3-4: Diseases and conditions associated with hyperphosphatemia

Cushing syndrome

• Adrenalin crisis: Table 34.3-2: Hypercortisolism and Cushing’s syndrome
• Cushing’s syndrome in autonomic adrenal cortex tumor: Table 34.5-1: Diseases and syndromes associated with abnormal ACTH levels
• Exogenous Cushing: Table 34.3-2: Hypercortisolism and Cushing’s syndrome
• Hypothalamo pituitary Cushing syndrome: Table 34.5-1: Diseases and syndromes associated with abnormal ACTH levels
• Refer to section 34.3

Cystitis

• Refer to section 12.3.2.4

Cystitic fibrosis

• Refer to section 8.9

D

Del Castillo syndrome

• Table 37.3-2: Primary hypogonadism

Depression

• Table 34.3-1: Conditions associated with pseudo-Cushing states

Dermatomyositis

• Idiopathic inflammatory syndrome: Table 25.5-2: Idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (IIMs): autoantibodies
• Muscle-associated antibodies: Table 25.5-2: Muscle-associated autoantibodies in idiopathic inflammatory myopathy

Diabetes (endocrinological)

• Acromegaly: Table 3.1-5: Laboratory findings in other types of diabetes
• American Diabetes Association recommendation: Table 3.1-2: Diagnosis of prediabetes and diabetes mellitus based on ADA criteria
• Conn syndrome: Table 3.1-5: Laboratory findings in other types of diabetes
• Cushing syndrome: Table 3.1-5: Laboratory findings in other types of diabetes
• Hyperthyroidism: Table 3.1-5: Laboratory findings in other types of diabetes
• Pheochromocytoma: Table 3.1-5: Laboratory findings in other types of diabetes
• Salicylates: Table 3.2-1: Hypoglycemia syndromes in adults

Diabetes (gestational)

• Diabetes: Table 3.1-6: Testing for diabetes in pregnancy and
• Table 3.1-7: Testing for the identification of neonatal risk
• Glucose: Table 3.3-3: Blood glucose in diabetes mellitus and other categories of glucose regulation
• Glucosuria of pregnancy: Table 3.4-2: Diseases and conditions associated with glucosuria
• Glycemic goals: Table 3.1-9: Glycemic goals in the treatment of diabetes
• Prediabetes: Table 3.1-2: Diagnosis of prediabetes and diabetes mellitus based on ADA criteria
• Pregnant with preexisting diabetes: Table 3.6-2: HbA1c and hyperglycemia

Diabetes (insulin resistance)

• CRP: Table 19.4-3: Behavior of CRP in diseases associated with low-grade inflammation
• Diabetes type 2: Table 19.4-3: Behavior of CRP in diseases associated with low-grade inflammation
• ROS: Table 19.2-4: Diseases in which ROS have a significant pathogenetic role

Diabetes (metabolic syndrome)

• Endogenous thrombin potential: Table 16.14-1: Hemostatic disorders with change in endogenous thrombin potential
• PA and PAI: Table 16.25-1: Diseases and conditions associated with abnormal PA and PAI concentrations
• Protein C: Table 16.21-2: Diseases and conditions with acquired protein C deficiency
• Prothrombin time: Table 16.5-3: Hemostaseological assays in patients with DIC and in sepsis
• Refer to section 3.1.11 and
• section 3.1.12 and
• section 3.1.13 and
• section 3.1.14 and
• section 3.1.6

Diabetes insipidus

• Central (hypothalamic) diabetes insipidus: Table 8.6-9: Disorders of water balance with reduced or normal AVP and CT-proAVP
• Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (NDI): Table 8.6-9: Disorders of water balance with reduced or normal AVP and CT-proAVP
• Sodium: Table 8.2-3: Diseases and causes that can lead to hypernatremia
• Refer to section 8.2

Diabetes mellitus (associated diseases)

• Acute myocardial infarction: Table 3.3-3: Blood glucose in diabetes mellitus and other categories of glucose regulation
• Acute stroke: Table 3.3-3: Blood glucose in diabetes mellitus and other categories of glucose regulation
• Blood count: Table 15.3-8: Blood cell status in certain groups of individuals and patients
• Cardiovascular disease: Table 12.9-6: Albuminuria as a marker of nephropathy and systemic diseases
• Carnitine shuttle disorders: Table 3.2-2: Hypoglycemia syndromes in childhood and infancy
• Chronic kidney disease: Table 3.6-2: HbA1c and hyperglycemia
• Craniotomy: Table 3.3-3: Blood glucose in diabetes mellitus and other categories of glucose regulation
• Creatinine: Table 12.4-4: Diseases and conditions that can cause a change in serum creatinine
• Dementia: Table 3.3-3: Blood glucose in diabetes mellitus and other categories of glucose regulation
• Diabetic coma: Table 3.3-3: Blood glucose in diabetes mellitus and other categories of glucose regulation
• Hepatitis C: Table 3.3-3: Blood glucose in diabetes mellitus and other categories of glucose regulation
• Hypoglycemia: Table: 3.2-1: Hypoglycemia syndromes in adults
• Hypertension: Table 12.9-6: Albuminuria as a marker of nephropathy and systemic diseases
• Infancy: Table 3.2-3: Laboratory findings and suggestions of disorder in childhood hypoglycemia
• Leukemia: Table 3.2-1: Hypoglycemia syndromes in adults
• Recommendation of the American Diabetes Association (ADA): Table 3.1-2: Diagnosis of prediabetes and diabetes mellitus based on ADA criteria

Diabetes type 1

• Autoantibodies: Table 25.9-1: Relevant autoantibodies in the diagnosis of diabetes type 1 and
• Table 25.9-2: Thresholds for positive results and
• Table 25.9-4: Prevalence of autoantibodies in healthy children with and without familial diabetes predisposition and
• Table 25.9-6: Progression to diabetes type 1 in dependence of autoantibodies
• Classification of diabetes: Table 3.1-2: Diagnosis of prediabetes and diabetes based on criteria of the American Diabetes Association (ADA)
• Clinical assessment of glucose concentration Table 3.3-4: Clinical significance of fasting and postprandial blood glucose
• Clinical course of diabetes: Table 3.1-8: Testing for diabetes and glucose monitoring
• Glycemic goals: Table 3.1-9: Glycemic goals in the treatment of diabetes
• Diagnostics: Table 3.1-2: Diagnosis of prediabetes and diabetes based on the criteria of the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and
• Table 3.6-2: HbA1c and hyperglycemia
• Different types of diabetes: Table 3.1-5: Laboratory findings in other types of diabetes
• Hyperglycemia: Table 3.6-2: HbA1c and hyperglycemia
• Glucose: Table 3.1-3: Post absorptive and postprandial glucose in non-diabetics and diabetics and
• Table 3.3-1: Blood glucose specimen for evaluation of the metabolic state and
• Table 3.3-3: Blood glucose in diabetes mellitus and other categories of glucose regulation
• Glucosuria: Table 3.4-2: Diseases and conditions associated associated with glucosuria
• HbA_1c: Table 3.6-1: Standard interpretation of HbA1c and
• Table 3.6-2: HbA1c and hyperglycemia
• HLA: Table 25.1-1: HLA associations with autoimmune diseases
• Hypoglycemia: Table 3.2-1: Hypoglycemia syndromes in adults
• MODY: Table 3.1-4: Postabsortive and postprandial glucose in non-diabetics and diabetics
• Parenteral nutrition: Table 3.3-3: Blood glucose in diabetes mellitus and other categories of glucose regulation
• Postprandial glucose: Table 3.3-4: Clinical significance of fasting and postprandial blood glucose
• Premature babies: Table 3.3-3: Blood glucose in diabetes mellitus and other categories of glucose regulation
• Prognostic relevance of glucose concentration Table 3.3-4: Clinical significance of fasting and postprandial blood glucose
• Prognostic relevance of HbA1c: Table 3.6-2: HbA1c and hyperglycemia
• Therapy of diabetes in children: Table 3.6-2: HbA1c in hyperglycemia
• Refer to chapter 3

Diabetes type 2

• Blood glucose: Table 3.3-3: Blood glucose in diabetes mellitus and other categories of glucose regulation and
• Table 3.3-4: Clinical significance of fasting and postprandial blood glucose
• Inflammation: Table 19.4-3: Behavior of CRP in diseases associated with low-grade inflammation
• Mortality risk of diabetes type 2: Table 3.6-2: HbA1c and hyperglycemia
• Recommendation of the American Diabetes Association (ADA): Table 3.1-2: Diagnosis of prediabetes and diabetes mellitus based on ADA criteria
• Table 3.5-1: Diagnosis of diabetes mellitus and impaired glucose tolerance using 75 g oGTT
• Therapy: Table 3.1-9: Glycemic goals in the treatment of diabetes

Diabetes in pregnancy

• Section 38.10: Preexisting diabetes in pregnancy

Diarrhea

• Bacterial colonization of the small intestine: Table 14.3-3: Diseases producing malabsorption
• Bacterial diarrhea: Table 14.3-13: Fecal calprotectin in functional and inflammatory intestinal diseases
• Celiac disease: Table 14.3-7: Gastrointestinal diseases with reduced D-xylose excretion
• Carcinoid syndrome: Table 14.2-9: Diseases associated with increased fecal fat excretion
• Duodenal NETs: Table 14.5-2: Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) of the gastroenteropancreatic system
• Laxative abuse: Table 8.7-2: Diseases and conditions associated with hypokalemia
• Lead intoxication: Table 8.2-2: Diseases and causes that can lead to hyponatremia
• VIPom (Verner-Morrison syndrome): Table 10.10-2: Diseases and conditions with elevated PP concentration
• Zinc: Table 10.10-2: Diseases and conditions associated with zinc deficiency or toxicity

D-Dimer

• Atrial fibrillation: Table 16.27-2: Behavior of the D-dimer concentration in thromboembolic events
• Sinus thrombosis: Table 16.27-2: Behavior of the D-dimer concentration in thromboembolic events
• Venous thrombosis: Table 16.27-2: Behavior of the D-dimer concentration in thromboembolic events

Diseases of the lungs and the respiratory system

• Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS): Table 20.2-2: Behavior of IL-6 bei in diseases and different conditions
• ARDS: Table 20.3-1: Behavior of IL-8 in diseases and different conditions
• Asthma: Table 19.4-3: Behavior of CRP in diseases associated with low-grade inflammation
• Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): Table 20.3-1: Behavior of IL-8 in diseases and different conditions
• Lung carcinoma: Table 20.3-1: Behavior of IL-8 in diseases and different conditions
• Pneumonia: Table 19.5-1: Procalcitonin in the differential diagnosis of inflammatory diseases
• Reactive oxygen species (ROS): Table 19.2-4: Pathogenic role of ROS in disease
• Sarcoidosis: Table 20.5-2: Behavior of sIL-2R in diseases and different conditions
• Upper respiratory tract infection: Table 19.5-1: Procalcitonin in the differential diagnosis of inflammatory diseases
• Ventilation associated pneumonia: Table 19.5-1: Procalcitonin in the differential diagnosis of inflammatory diseases

Disorders and diseases of the pregnant

• Amniotic infection syndrome: Table 19.4-2: CRP in diseases associated with mild to high-grade inflammation
• Antiphospholipid syndrome: Table 16.22-3: Diseases associated with antiphospholipid syndrome
• Blood coagulation: Table 16.4-1: Procoagulants, inhibitors and fibrinolysis activators and
• Table 16.20-2: Hemostatic disorders with changes in antithrombin and
• Table 16.25-1: Diseases and conditions associated with abnormal plasminogen activator (PA) and plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI) concentrations
• Blood count: Table 15.3-8: Blood cell status in certain groups of individuals and patients
• Diabetes mellitus: Table 3.1-6: Testing for diabetes in pregnant women
• Erythropoietin (EPO): Table 15.10-2: Diseases and conditins associated with an adequate rise in EPO
• Granulocytes: Table 15.12-4: Diseases and conditions with neutrophilia
• Hematocrit (HCT): Table 15.4-3: Diseases and conditions with decreased HCT
• Postpartum hemorrhage: Table 15.3-11: Classification and differentiation of normocytic anemia
• Preeclampsia: Table 38.8-1: Clinical criteria of preeclampsia (PE), severe PE, and HELLP syndrome and
• Table 38.9-1: Consensus statements for the implementation of the sFlt-1/PlGF ratio for prediction and diagnosis of preeclampsia in singleton pregnancy
• Proteinuria: Table 12.9-3: Etiology of proteinuria and
• Table 16.20-2: Hemostatic disorders with changes in antithrombin
• Risk of postpartum depression: Table 30.5-2: Thyroid peroxidase antibodies (anti-TPOAk) in thyroid disease
• Spontaneous abortion: Table 16.22-3: Diseases associated with the antiphospholipid syndrome and
• Table 30.3-3: Diseases and conditions associated with changes in FT4 and/or TT4 and
• Table 30.5-1: Thyroglobulin antibodies in different disorders and
• Table 30.5-2: Thyroid peroxidase antibodies (anti-TPOAk) in thyroid disease
• Subclinical hypothyroidism: Table 30.5-2: Thyroid peroxidase antibodies (anti-TPOAk) in thyroid disease
• Thrombocytes: Table 15.11-8: Thrombozytopenias of various origin and
• Table 15.11-9: Pregnancy associated thrombocytopenia
• Thrombophilia: Table 16.4-4: Risk of venous thromboembolism during pregnancy depending on the disorder and
• Table 16.4-5: Odds ratios for complications in pregnancy in the presence of hereditary thrombophilia
• TPOAk: Table 30.5-2: Thyroid peroxidase antibodies in thyroid disease
• TRAk: Table 30.5-3: Thyroglobulin receptor antibodies (TRAk) in thyroid disease
• TSH: Table 30.2-5: TSH in thyroid disease and non-thyroidal illness
• Trophoblast tumor: Table 38.2-4: hCG and hCG variants in pregnancy and throphoblastic disease
• Thyroid disease: Table 30.1-3: Primary thyroid disorders associated with hyper-, hypo-, and euthyroidism

Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)

• Acquired dysfibrinogenemia: Table 16.16-2: Diseases and conditions associated with decreased fibrinogen
• APTT: Table 16.5-3: Hemostaseological assays in patients with DIC and in sepsis and
• Table 16.11-1: Hemostatic disorders with prolonged aPTT
• D-Dimer: Table 16.27-2: Behavior of the D-dimer concentration in thromboembolic events
• Protein C: Table 16.21-2: Diseases and conditions with acquired protein C deficiency
• Prothrombin time: Table 16.5-3: Hemostaseological assays in patients with DIC and in sepsis
• Thrombin time: Table 16.12-1: Hemostatic disorders with prolonged thrombin time

Dopamine deficiency

• Prolactin: Table 36-5: Diseases and conditions with hyperprolactinemia

Down syndrome

• Down syndrome: Table 38.2-4: Clinical and laboratory findings in Down syndrome
• Refer to section 38.7

Drug actions

• ACE inhibitors: Table 8.7-3: Diseases and conditions associated with hyperkalemia
• Acetaminophen: Table 8.4-2: Metabolic acidosis with increased anion gap
• Acetylsalicylic acid (ASS): Table 16.28-4: Mode of action, clinical significance and monitoring of platelet function inhibitors
• Amiodarone: Table 30.3-3: Diseases and conditions associated with changes in FT4 and/or TT4 and
• Table 30.5-2: TPOAb in thyroid diseases
• Antibiotics: Table 8.7-2: Diseases and conditions associated with hypokalemia and
• Table 16.6-1: Coagulopathy in liver disease and vitamin K deficiency
• Anti epileptic drugs: Table 1.6-3: Aminotransferases in patients with hepatopathies and
• Table 21.2-10: Secondary immunodeficiency
• Antihypertensive drugs: Table 1.6-3: Aminotransferases in patients with hepatopathies
• Angiotensin-II-receptor antagonists: Table 8.7-3: Diseases and conditions associated with hyperkalemia
• Antidepressants: Table 8.2-2: Diseases and causes that can lead to hyponatremia
• Aplastic anemia: Table 15.12-7: Secondary neutropenia
• Beta-blocker: Table 8.7-3: Diseases and conditions associated with hyperkalemia
• Carbamazepine: Table 8.2-2: Diseases and causes that can lead to hyponatremia
• Chloride application: Table 8.3-3: Diseases and disorders associated with an increase in serum chloride
• Chlorpropamide: Table 8.2-2: Diseases and causes that can lead to hyponatremia
• Clofibrate: Table 8.2-2: Diseases and causes that can lead to hyponatremia
• Creatinine: Table 12.4-4: Diseases and conditions that can cause a change in serum creatinine
• Cyclosporine, Tacrolimus: Table 8.7-3: Diseases and conditions associated with hyperkalemia
• Cytostatic therapy: Table 12.7-2: Diagnostic significance of cystatin C in impaired renal function
• Digitalis intoxication: Table 8.7-3: Diseases and conditions associated with hyperkalemia
• Direct FIIa inhibitors (direct inhibitors of thrombin, DTI): Table 16.15-2: Hemostatic disorders associated with acquired reduction in coagulation factors
• Direct FIIa inhibitors: Asparaginase therapy: Table 16.15-2: Hemostatic disorders associated with acquired reduction in coagulation factors
• Direct FIIa inhibitors: Cephalosporin: Table 16.15-2: Hemostatic disorders associated with acquired reduction in coagulation factors
• Direct FIIa inhibitors: Monoclonal antibody: Table 16.12-1: Hemostatic disorders with prolonged thrombin time
• Direct FIIa inhibitors: Oral contraceptive: Table 16.14-1: Hemostatic disorders with change in endogenous thrombin potential
• Direct FIIa inhibitors: Valproic acid: Table 16.15-2: Hemostatic disorders associated with acquired reduction in coagulation factors
• Diuretics: Table 8.2-2: Diseases and causes that can lead to hyponatremia
• Diuretics: Furosemide, bumetanide, thiazides: Table 8.7-2: Diseases and conditions associated with hypokalemia
• Erythropoiesis stimulating agents (ESAs): Table 19.4-2: CRP in diseases associated with mild to high-grade inflammation
• Glucocorticoids: Table 21.2-10: Secondary immunodeficiency
• Hemostatic disorder: Table 16.15-2: Hemostatic disorders associated with acquired reduction in coagulation factors
• Heparin: Table 8.7-3: Diseases and conditions associated with hyperkalemia
• Heparin induced thrombocytopenia (HIT): Table 15.11-8: Thrombocytopenia of various origins and Refer to section 17.4
• Immune neutropenia: Table 15.12-7: Secondary neutropenia
• Influence of drugs: Table 30.3-3: Diseases and conditions associated with changes in FT4 and/or TT4
• Isolated neutropenia: Table 15.12-7: Secondary neutropenia
• Isoniazide: Table 8.4-2: Metabolic acidosis with increased anion gap
• Indomethacin: Table 8.2-2: Diseases and causes that can lead to hyponatremia
• Isoproterenol: Table 8.2-2: Diseases and causes that can lead to hyponatremia
• Lithium-related hyperthyroidism: Table 30.1-3: Primary thyroid disorders associated with hyper-, hypo- and euthyroidism
• Loop diuretics, e.g., furosemide, bumetanide, torsemide: Table 8.3-4: Diseases associated with a decrease in serum chloride
• Main symptoms of drug poisoning: Table 41-9: Main clinical symptoms in poisonings related to drugs
• Morphine: Table 8.2-2: Diseases and causes that can lead to hyponatremia
• Neutropenia: Table 15.12-7: Secondary neutropenia
• Neuroenhancement: Table 41-23: Drugs for neuroenhancement
• New oral anticoagulants (NOAKs): Table 16.10-3: Hemostatic disorders with prolonged prothrombin time and
• Table 16.12-1: Hemostatic disorders with prolonged thrombin time and
• Table 16.11-1: Hemostatic disorders with prolonged aPTT
• Nicotine: Table 8.2-2: Diseases and causes that can lead to hyponatremia
• Nonsteroidal antiphlogistic dugs (NSAID): Table 1.6-3: Aminotransferases in patients with hepatopathies and
• Table 8.7-3: Diseases and conditions associated with hyperkalemia
• Oral contraceptivs: Table 1.6-3: Aminotransferases in patients with hepatopathies and
• Table 19.4-3: Behavior of CRP in diseases associated with low-grade inflammation and
• Table 30.3-3: Diseases and conditions associated with changes in FT4 and/or TT4
• Paracetamol: Table 1.6-3: Aminotransferases in patients with hepatopathies
• Pharmaka: Table 40-3: Serum concentration of drugs and pharmaceuticals and clinical significance
• Penicillamin: Table 21.2-10: Secondary immunodeficiency
• Postmenopausal estrogen supplementation: Table 30.3-3: Diseases and conditions associated with changes in FT4 and/or TT4
• Salicylate intoxication: Table 8.4-2: Metabolic acidosis with increased anion gap
• Statin therapy: Table 30.2-5: TSH in thyroid disease and non-thyroidal illness
• Succhinylcholine: Table 8.7-3: Diseases and conditions associated with hyperkalemia
• Sulfosalazine: Table 21.2-10: Secondary immunodeficiency
• Therapeutic drug poisoning: Table 41-10: Typical poisonings with therapeutic drugs
• Therapy control for antibiotic treatment: Table 19.5-1: PCT in the differential diagnosis of inflammatory diseases
• Thrombocytopathy: Table 16.2-8: Acquired thrombocytopathies
• Thrombocytopenia: Table 15.11-8: Thrombocytopenia of various origins
• Trimethoprime sulfamethoxazole, pentamidine: Table 8.7-3: Diseases and conditions associated with hyperkalemia
• Trimethoprime sulfamethoxazole: Table 8.2-2: Diseases and causes that can lead to hyponatremia
• Valproic acid: Table 8.4-2: Metabolic acidosis with increased anion gap
• Vitamin D: Table 6.6-3: Diseases and conditions with modified 25(OH)D or 1,25 (OH)2D (Calcitriol) concentration
• Vitamin D overdose: Table 6.6-3: Diseases and conditions with modified 25 (OH)D or 1,25 (OH)2D concentration

Dysfibrinogenemia

• Acquired dysfibrinogenemia: Table 16.16-2: Diseases and conditions associated with decreased fibrinogen
• Afibrinogenämie: Table 16.10-3: Hemostatic disorders with prolonged prothrombin time
• Hereditary dysfibrinogenemia: Table 16.16-2: Diseases and conditions associated with decreased fibrinogen

Dyslipidemia (primary, inherited)

• Cardiovascular disease: Table 4.1-6: Goals for primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease and
• Table 4.3-3: Postprandial triglycerides and hazard ratios for cardiovascular disease and death
• Chylomicronemia: Table 4.1-2: Genetic dyslipidemia
• Family hyperlipoproteinemia type III: Table 4.1-2: Genetic dyslipidemia
• Family hypertriglyceridemia: Table 4.1-2: Genetic dyslipidemia
• Family combined hyperlipoproteinemia (FCHLP): Table 4.1-2: Genetic dyslipidemia
• Family apolipoprotein B-100 deficiency: Table 4.1-2: Genetic dyslipidemia
• Fredrikson Classification: Table 4.4-1: Primary hyperlipoproteinemia: classification according to Fredrickson
• HDL dyslipoproteinemia: Table 4.1-2: Genetic dyslipidemia
• Lipoprotein (a): Table 4.5-1: Recommendations from guidelines when to measure Lp(a) and how to deal with increased values
• Lipoprotein (a): Table 4.5-2: Biochemistry in Lipoprotein (a)
• Monogenic hypercholesterolemia: Table 4.1-2: Genetic dyslipidemia
• Polygenic hyperlipoproteinemia: Table 4.1-2: Genetic dyslipidemia
• Refer to section 4.1 and
• section 4.2

Dyslipidemia (secondary, acquired)

• Cardiovascular disease: Table 4.1-6: Goals for primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease and
• Table 4.3-3: Postprandial triglycerides and hazard ratios for cardiovascular disease and death
• Chronic infection: Table 4.1-3: Multifactorial dyslipidemia
• Diabetes mellitus: Table 4.1-3: Multifactorial dyslipidemia
• Familial Hypercholesterolemia: Table 4.2-1: Findings in familial Hypercholesterolemia
• Fredrikson: Table 4.4-1: Primary hyperlipoproteinemia: classification according to Fredrickson
• HIV-Infection: Table 4.1-3: Multifactorial dyslipidemia
• Hyperthyroidsm: Table 4.1-3: Multifactorial dyslipidemia
• Hypothyroidism: Table 4.1-3: Multifactorial dyslipidemia
• Lipodystrophy: Table 4.1-3: Multifactorial dyslipidemia
• Liver disease: Table 4.1-3: Multifactorial dyslipidemia
• Metabolic syndrome: Table 4.1-3: Multifactorial dyslipidemia
• Obesity: Table 4.1-3: Multifactorial dyslipidemia
• Pregnancy: Table 4.1-3: Multifactorial dyslipidemia
• Renal disease: Table 4.1-3: Multifactorial dyslipidemia
• Recommendations: Table 4.5-1: Recommendations from guidelines when to measure Lp(a) and how to deal with increased values
• Refer to section 4.1 and
• section 4.2

Dysmorphic red cells

• Artifacts: Table 15.13-2: Artifacts and morphological red blood cell changes in the blood smear
• Hereditary elliptocytosis: Table 15.3-11: Classification and differentiation of normocytic anemias
• Hereditary spherocytosis: Table 15.3-9: Classification and differentiation of microcytic anemia

E

Ectopic ACTH secretion

• ACTH: Table 34.5-1: Diseases and syndromes associated with abnormal ACTH levels
• Cushing syndrome: Table 34.3-2: Hypercortisolism and Cushing’s syndrome

Edema

• Ascites: Table 47.1-4: Assessment of serum-ascites albumin gradient and
• Table 47.1-5: Assessment of laboratory test results in different types of ascites
• AVP and CT-proAVP: Table 8.6-8: Disorders of the water balance with increase of AVP and CT-proAVP
• Hypercortisolism: Table 34.3-2: Hypercortisolism and Cushing’s syndrome
• Hyponatremia: Table 8.2-2: Diseases and causes that can lead to hyponatremia
• Pleural effusion: Table 47.2-3: Causes of pleural effusions

Electrolyte- and water metabolism

• Cushing’s syndrome: Table 8.3-4: Diseases associated with a decrease in serum chloride
• Gitelman syndrome: Table 8.7-2: Diseases and conditions associated with hypokalemia and
• Gitelman syndrome: Table 8.8-9: Hyperkaluric hypokalemia
• Liddle syndrome: Table 8.7-2: Diseases and conditions associated with hypokalemia and
• Table 8.8-9: Hyperkaluric hypokalemia
• Lowe syndrome: Table 8.8-9: Hyperkaluric hypokalemia
• Milk-alkali syndrome: Table 8.3-4: Diseases associated with a decrease in serum chloride
• Refer to chapter 8

Encephalitis/cerebellitis

• Anti-AMPAR antibodies: Table 25.6-5: Antibodies targeting extracellular/synaptic neural antigens
• Anti-amphysin antibodies: Table 25.6-5: Antibodies targeting extracellular/synaptic neural antigens and
• Table 25.6-3: Antibodies (paraneoplastic) targeting intracellular neural antigens
• Anti-DPPX antibodies: Table 25.6-5: Antibodies targeting extracellular/synaptic neural antigens
• Anti-GABAR limbic encephalitis: Table 25.6-6: Encephalitis/cerebellitis associated disorders and
• Table 25.6-5: Antibodies targeting extracellular/synaptic neural antigens
• Anti-GAD limbic encephalitis: Table 25.6-6: Encephalitis/cerebellitis associated disorders
• Anti-GAD encephalitis: Table 25.6-5: Antibodies targeting extracellular/synaptic neural antigens
• Anti-GluR1 encephalitis: Table 25.6-5: Antibodies targeting extracellular/synaptic neural antigens
• Anti-GluR5 encephalitis: Table 25.6-5: Antibodies targeting extracellular/synaptic neural antigens
• Anti-GlyR encephalitis: Table 25.6-5: Encephalitis/cerebellitis associated autoantibodies
• Anti-NMDAR encephalitis: Table 25.6-5: Antibodies targeting extracellular/synaptic neural antigens and
• Table 25.6-6: Encephalitis/cerebellitis associated disorders
• Anti Tr/DNER encephalitis: Table 25.6-5: Antibodies targeting extracellular/synaptic neural antigens
• Anti-VGCC encephalitis: Table 25.6-5: Antibodies targeting extracellular/synaptic neural antigens
• Anti-VGKC encephalitis: Table 25.6-5: Antibodies targeting extracellular/synaptic neural antigens
• Encephalitis: Table 25.6-5: Antibodies targeting extracellular/synaptic neural antigens
• Glutamate receptor antibodies: Table 25.6-5: Antibodies targeting extracellular/synaptic neural antigens
• Limbic encephalitis: Table 25.6-6: Encephalitis/cerebellitis associated disorders
• Meningitis: Table 46-13: PCR testing for meningitis and encephalitis
• Morvan syndrome: Table 25.6-6: Encephalitis/cerebellitis associated disorders
• Neuromyotonia: Table 25.6-6: Encephalitis/cerebellitis associated disorders
• PERM: Table 25.6-6: Encephalitis/cerebellitis associated disorders
• Stiff-person syndrome: Table 25.6-6: Encephalitis/cerebellitis associated disorders
• Refer to chapter 25

Endocrine disorders

• ACTH producing tumor: Table 8.7-2: Diseases and conditions associated with hypokalemia
• Addison’s disease: Table 8.7-3: Diseases and conditions associated with hyperkalemia
• Adrenal hyperplasia (congenital): Table 8.7-2: Diseases and conditions associated with hypokalemia
• Cushing’s syndrome, ACTH producing tumor: Table 8.3-4: Diseases associated with a decrease in serum chloride
• Glucocorticoid deficiency: Table 8.2-2: Diseases and causes that can lead to hyponatremia
• Hyperaldosteronism: Table 8.7-2: Diseases and conditions associated with hypokalemia
• Hypothalamic (central) diabetes insipidus: Table 8.6-9: Disorders of water balance with reduced or normal AVP and CT-proAVP
• Hypothyroidism: Table 8.2-2: Diseases and causes that can lead to hyponatremia
• Mineralocorticoid deficiency: Table 8.2-2: Diseases and causes that can lead to hyponatremia

Enzyme deficiency in endocrine disorders

• Aldosterone synthase (AS) deficiency: Table 31.3-3: Disorders associated with low renin hypertension
• 11β-hydroxylase deficiency: Table 34.6-2: Enzyme deficiencies in adrogenial syndrome
• 17a-hydroxylase deficiency: Table 34.6-2: Enzyme deficiencies in adrogenial syndrome
• 17α-hydroxylase deficiency: Table 31.3-3: Disorders associated with low renin hypertension
• 21 hydroxylase deficiency: Table 34.6-2: Enzyme deficiencies in adrogenial syndrome
• 3β-hydroxysteroid (3β-HSD) dehydrogenase deficiency: Table 34.6-2: Enzyme deficiencies in adrogenial syndrome
• Refer to chapter 34

Enzyme deficiency of erythrocytes

• 2,3-Diphosphoglyceratkinase deficiency: Table 15.4-3 Diseases and conditions with decreased hematocrit
• Drugs: Table 15.8-3: Medication and chemicals that cause hemolysis in G6 PDH deficiency
• Enzymopathy of erythrocytes: Table 15.8-2: Findings and enzymatic characteristics associated with the most important erythrocyte enzymopathies
• Refer to Section 15.8.5.1: Glucose-6-PDH deficiency and
• Section 15.8.5.2: Pyruvat kinase deficiency and
• section 15.8

Eosinophilia

• Adrenocortical insufficiency: Table 15.12-11: Differential diagnosis of eosinophilia
• Allergy: Table 15.12-11: Differential diagnosis of eosinophilia
• Asthma: Table 15.12-11: Differential diagnosis of eosinophilia
• Eosinophilic pneumonia: Table 15.12-11: Differential diagnosis of eosinophilia
• Eosinophile associated muscle disease: Table 15.12-11: Differential diagnosis of eosinophilia
• Hyper eosinophilic syndrome: Table 15.12-11: Differential diagnosis of eosinophilia
• Idiopathic hyper eosinophilia: Table 15.12-11: Differential diagnosis of eosinophilia
• Parasitosis: Table 15.12-11: Differential diagnosis of eosinophilia

Eosinophilic pneumonia, idiopathic chronic

• Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL): Table 48-6: Non infectious diseases in which BAL can provide useful information

Epileptical attack

• Prolactin: Table 36-5: Diseases and conditions with hyperprolactinemia
• Status epilepticus: Table 1.11-4: Diseases that may cause elevated LD in serum and
• Table 1.6-5: Aminotransferase behavior in skeletal muscle damage

ESA therapy

• Table 15.10-5: Tests for the assessment of erythropoiesis under ESA therapy
• Table 15.4-5: Diseases and conditions with elevated hematocrit

Estradiol secreting tumors

• Table 37.5-2: Diseases and conditions associated with changes in estradiol levels

Estrogen effect

• Table 6.2-7: Diseases associated with increased urinary calcium excretion
• Table 37.5-2: Diseases and conditions associated with changes in estradiol levels
• Table 34.3-1: Conditions associated with pseudo-Cushing syndrome

Euthyroidism

• Table 30.1-3: Primary throid disorders associated with hyper-, hypo- and euthyroidism

Extra thyroid disorders

• Table 30.1-2: Adaptive response to non-thyroidal illness
• Table 30.2-4: Causes of low TSH not associated with subclinical hypothyroidism
• Table 30.2-5: TSH in thyroid disease and non-thyroidal illness
• Table 30.1-3: Primary throid disorders associated with hyper-, hypo- and euthyroidism

Extrinsic allergic alveolitis

• Allergens: Table 23-18: Selected allergens in extrinsic allergic alveolitis
• BAL cell types: Table 48-3: Disorders associated with increased percentage of specific BAL cell types
• Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL): Table 48-6: Non infectious diseases in which BAL can provide useful information

F

Factor deficiency (clotting factors)

• Afibrinogenemia/hypofibrinogenemia: Table 16.12-1: Hemostatic disorders with prolonged prothrombin time
• Factor V: Table 16.19-7: Hereditary thrombophilia
• Factor V: Different FV polymorphisms: Table 16.19-7: Hereditary thrombophilia
• Factor V gene mutation (FV-Leiden): Table 16.19-7: Hereditary thrombophilia
• Factor V inhibitor: Table 16.10-3: Hemostatic disorders with prolonged prothrombin time
• Factor VII: Table 16.15-1: Hemostatic disorders associated with hereditary reduction in coagulation factors
• Factor VIII: Table 16.15-1: Hemostatic disorders associated with hereditary reduction in coagulation factors
• Factor VIII antibodies: Table 16.15-1: Hemostatic disorders associated with hereditary reduction in coagulation factors
• Factor IX: Table 16.15-1: Hemostatic disorders associated with hereditary reduction in coagulation factors
• Factor X: Table 16.10-3: Hemostatic disorders associated with hereditary reduction in coagulation factors
• Factor XI: Table 16.15-1: Hemostatic disorders associated with hereditary reduction in coagulation factors
• Factor XIII: Table 16.17-1: Hemostatic disorders in association with reduced FXIII
• Factor XIII inhibitor: Table 16.17-1: Hemostatic disorders in association with reduced FXIII
• Fibrinogen: Table 16.16-2: Diseases and conditions associated with decreased fibrinogen and
• Changed fibrinogen: Table 16.12-1: Hemostatic disorders with prolonged prothrombin time
• Innate deficiency of clotting factors: Table 16.12-1: Hemostatic disorders with prolonged prothrombin time and
• Table 16.11-1: Hemostatic disorders with prolonged aPTT
• Innate deficiency of prothrombine complex: Table 16.10-3: Hemostatic disorders with prolonged prothrombin time
• Phenotype APC resistance: Table 16.19-7: Hereditary thrombophilia
• Refer to chapter 16

Factor V-Leiden

• APC resistance: Table 16.21-2: Diseases and conditions with APC resistance
• Hereditary thrombophilia: Table 16.19-7: Hereditary thrombophilia
• Pregnancy: Table 16.4-4: Risk of venous thromboembolism during pregnancy depending on the disorder
• Refer to section 16.19

Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia

• Types: Table 6.2-7: Diseases with increased urinary calcium excretion

Febrile illness

• CRP: Table 19.4-3: Behavior of CRP in diseases associated with low-grade inflammation and
• Table 19.4-2: CRP in diseases associated with low to high-grade inflammation
• Etiology of fever: Table 19.3-1: Diagnostic value of various tests for the detection of inflammation
• Fever in children: Table 19.4-2: CRP in diseases associated with mild to high-grade inflammation
• Fungal infection: Table 19.4-2: CRP in diseases associated with mild to high-grade inflammation
• Procalcitonin (PCT): Table 19.5-1: PCT in the differential diagnosis of inflammatory diseases
• Refer to chapter 19

Female reproductive axis

• Table 37.9-1: Clinical application of inhibin determination

Fibrinogen

• Afibrinogenemia: Table 16.16-2: Diseases and conditions associated with decreased fibrinogen
• DIC: Table 16.5-3: Hemostaseological assays in patients with DIC and in sepsis
• Dysfibrinogenemia: Table 16.11-1: Hemostatic disorders with prolonged aPTT
• Fibrinogen deficiency: Table 16.11-1: Hemostatic disorders with prolonged aPTT and
• Table 16.12-1: Hemostatic disorders with prolonged thrombin time
• Genetically conditioned hypofibrinogenemia: Table 16.16-2: Diseases and conditions associated with decreased fibrinogen
• Intravascular coagulation: Table 16.16-2: Diseases and conditions associated with decreased fibrinogen
• Perioperative patients: Table 16.5-2: Diagnostically significant tests and findings in perioperative patients
• Preoperative patients: Table 16.5-1: Preoperative use of coagulation tests

Fibrinolysis

• α2-antitrypsin: Table 16.1-4: Inhibitors of the fibrinolytic system
• α2-macroglobulin: Table 16.1-4: Inhibitors of the fibrinolytic system
• Histidin-rich glycoprotein (HRGP): Table 16.1-4: Inhibitors of the fibrinolytic system

Fibrinolytic therapy

• α2-antiplasmin: Table 16.24-1: Diseases and conditions associated with reduced α2-antiplasmin
• D-Dimer: Table 16.27-2: Behavior of the D-Dimer concentration in thromboembolic events
• Factor XIII: Table 16.17-1: Hemostatic disorders in association with reduced FXIII concentration
• Fibrinogen: Table 16.16-2: Diseases and conditions associated with decreased fibrinogen
• Plasminogen: Table 16.23-1: Diseases and conditions associated with altered plasminogen concentration

Follow-up of sterility treatment

• Table 37.5-2: Diseases and conditions associated with changes in estradiol levels

Fracture risk of older people

• Osteoporosis/tumor associated osteopathy: Table 6.1-5: Bone metabolism in puberty, pregnancy, and with osteoporosis
• Vitamin D: Table 6.6-3: Diseases and conditions with modified 25(OH)D or 1,25 (OH)2D concentration

Functional prepubertal castrate

• Table 37.3-2: Primary hypogonadism

Functional renal disorder

• Kidney damage markers: Table 12.2-9: Kidney damage markers
• Nephropathy: Table 12.9-6: Albuminuria as a marker of nephropathy and systemic diseases
• Osmolality: Table 12.3-3: Urine tests for evaluation of disorders of the kidney and the urinary tract
• Serum creatinine: Table 12.4-4: Diseases and conditions that can cause a change in serum creatinine
• Serum urea: Table 12.1-5: Diagnostically significant laboratory tests in acute renal failure
• Specific gravity: Table 12.3-3: Urine tests for evaluation of disorders of the kidney and the urinary tract
• Test strip erythrocytes, hemoglobin, myoglobin: Table 12.3-3: Urine tests for evaluation of disorders of the kidney and the urinary tract
• Test strip leukocytes: Table 12.3-3: Urine tests for evaluation of disorders of the kidney and the urinary tract
• Test strip nitrite: Table 12.3-3: Urine tests for evaluation of disorders of the kidney and the urinary tract
• Test strip pH: Table 12.3-3: Urine tests for evaluation of disorders of the kidney and the urinary tract
• Test strip protein: Table 12.3-3: Urine tests for evaluation of disorders of the kidney and the urinary tract
• Total protein: Table 12.3-3: Urine tests for evaluation of disorders of the kidney and the urinary tract
• Urinary casts: Table 12.8-3: Diagnostische significance of urinary casts
• Urine sediment: Table 12.3-3: Urine tests for evaluation of disorders of the kidney and the urinary tract
• Urine tests: Table 12.3-3: Urine tests for evaluation of disorders of the kidney and the urinary tract
• Urine volume: Table 12.1-5: Diagnostically significant laboratory tests in acute renal failure
• Refer to chapter 12

Fungal infection

• Aspergillosis: Section 45.4
• Blastomyces dermatitidis (Blastomycosis, Gilchrist’s disease): Section 45.9
• Candidiasis: Section 45.2
• Coccidioides immitis, Coccidioides posadasii (Coccidioidomykosis, Valley fever, San Joaqin fever, Desert rheumatismus): Section 45.8
• Cryptococcus neoformans (cryptococcosis): Section 45.3
• Histoplasma capsulatum (Histoplasmosis, Darling’s Disease): Section 45.7
• Other molds: Section 45.5
• Paracoccidioides brasiliensis (Blastomykose, South American, American Blastomykosis): Section 45.10
• Pneumocystis jirovecii: Section 45.6
• Sporothrix schenckii (Sporotrichose, Morbus Schenck): Section 45.11
• Refer to chapter 45

G

Gastric cancer

• SCCA: Table 28.21-1: Diagnostic sensitivity of SCCA in benign and malignant diseases
• Tumor markers: Table 28.6-4: Tumor markers in cancers
• Refer to section 14.1.2.5.1 – Gastric cancer

Gastric disease

• Antral G-cell overproduction: Table 14.5-8: Diseases associated with pathological serum gastrin levels
• Autoimmune chronic gastritis: Table 14.5-5: CgA in neuroendocrine tumors and other diseases
• Autoimmune gastritis: Table 14.5-8: Diseases associated with pathological serum gastrin levels
• Excluded antrum: Table 14.5-8: Diseases associated with pathological serum gastrin levels
• Gastrinoma: Table 14.5-8: Diseases associated with pathological serum gastrin levels
• Gastrinoma and multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN Typ I): Table 14.5-8: Diseases associated with pathological serum gastrin levels
• Helicobacter pylori gastritis: Table 14.5-8: Diseases associated with pathological serum gastrin levels
• Vagotomie: Table 14.5-8: Diseases associated with pathological serum gastrin levels
• Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (ZES): Table 14.5-8: Diseases associated with pathological serum gastrin levels
• Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (ZES; gastrinoma), insulinoma: Table 14.5-11: Diseases and conditions with elevated pancreatic polypeptide (PP) levels

Gastrointestinal disease

• Antibodies: Table 25.10.1: Diagnostic antibodies in gastrointestinal diseases
• Appendicitis: Table 19.4-2: CRP in diseases associated with mild to high-grade inflammation
• Celiac disease: Table 25.1-1: HLA associations with autoimmune diseases and
• Table 25.10-3: Diseases with increase prevalence of celiac disease and genetic predisposition
• Immunodeficiency: Table 21.2-10: Secondary immunodeficiency
• Inflammatory bowel disease: Table 25.10-4: Serologic markers of inflammatory bowel disease and
• Table 19.4-2: CRP in diseases associated with mild to high-grade inflammation
• Vitamin B12: Table 25.10-2: Vitamin B12 level and proportion of patients positive for intrinsic factor antibodies
• Refer to chapter 14

Gestational diabetes

• Diabetes: Table 3.1-6: Testing for diabetes in pregnancy and
• Table 3.1-7: Testing for the identification of neonatal risk
• Glucose: Table 3.3-3: Blood glucose in diabetes mellitus and other categories of glucose regulation
• Glucosuria of pregnancy: Table 3.4-2: Diseases and conditions associated with glucosuria
• Glycemic goals: Table 3.1-9: Glycemic goals in the treatment of diabetes
• Prediabetes: Table 3.1-2: Diagnosis of prediabetes and diabetes mellitus based on ADA criteria
• Pregnant with preexisting diabetes: Table 3.6-2: HbA1c and hyperglycemia
• Refer to section 3.1.6

Gitelman’s syndrome

• Hypokalemia: Table 8.7-2: Hypokalemia and
• Table 8.8-9: Hyperkaluric hypokalemia

Glomerulonephritis

• Acute glomerulonephritis: Table 12.2-9: Kidney damage markers
• Chronic glomerulonephritis: Table 12.2-9: Kidney damage markers
• Effects of fat and muscle mass: Table 12.7-2: Diagnostic significance of cystatin C in impaired renal function
• Fenovibrate: Table 12.7-2: Diagnostic significance of cystatin C in impaired renal function
• Minimal change glomerulonephritis: Table 12.9-9: Glomerular and tubulo-interstitial proteinuria
• Rapid progressive glomerulonephritis: Table 12.9-9: Glomerular and tubulo-interstitial proteinuria
• Refer to section 12.1.2

Glucocorticoid resistance

• Pseudo-Cushing: Table 34.3-1: Conditions associated with pseudo-Cushing states
• Cushing’s syndrome: Table 34.3-2: Hypercortisolism and Cushing’s syndrome

Goiter

• Multi nodular toxic struma: Table 30.1-3: Primary thyroid disorders associated with hyper-, hypo- and euthyroidism and
• Table 30.5-3: Thyroglobulin receptor antibodies in thyroid diseases
• Nodular thyroid disease: Table 30.2-5: TSH in thyroid disease and non-thyroidal illness
• Toxic adenoma: Table 30.1-3: Primary thyroid disorders associated with hyper-, hypo- and euthyroidism
• Table 30.1-6: Severity of endemic goiter

Granulocyte function

• PMN: Table 19.7-5: Disorders of polymorphic granulocyte (PMN) function
• Refer to section 19.7

Granulocytopenia (neutrophilic)

• Alloimmune neonatal neutropenia: Table 15.12-7: Secondary neutropenia
• Antibiotics: Table 19.7-2: Impact of antibiotics on granulocyte function
• Artifacts: Table 15.13-1: Artifacts and morphological changes of leukocytes in the blood smear
• Autoimmune neutropenia: Table 15.12-7: Secondary neutropenia
• Chemotherapy: Table 15.12-7: Secondary neutropenia
• Congenital neutropenia: Table 15.12-7: Secondary neutropenia
• Cyclic neutropenia: Table 15.12-6: Congenital neutropenia
• Drug related neutropenia: Table 15.12-7: Secondary neutropenia and
• Table 15.12-5: Drugs that can cause neutropenia
• Glycogen storage disease: Table 15.12-6: Congenital neutropenia
• Leukemia: Table 15.12-7: Secondary neutropenia
• Megaloblastic anemia: Table 15.12-7: Secondary neutropenia
• Myelodysplastic syndrome: Table 15.12-7: Secondary neutropenia
• Premature birth: Table 15.12-7: Secondary neutropenia
• Primary immunodeficiency: Table 15.12-6: Congenital neutropenia

Granulocytosis (neutrophilic)

• Acute blood loss: Table 15.12-4: Diseases and conditions with neutrophilia
• Infectious disease: Table 15.12-4: Diseases and conditions with neutrophilia
• Newborn: Table 15.12-4: Diseases and conditions with neutrophilia
• Malignant tumor: Table 15.12-4: Diseases and conditions with neutrophilia
• Polycythemia vera: Table 15.12-4: Diseases and conditions with neutrophilia
• Pregnancy: Table 15.12-4: Diseases and conditions with neutrophilia
• Smoker: Table 15.12-4: Diseases and conditions with neutrophilia
• Stress: Table 15.12-4: Diseases and conditions with neutrophilia

Growth disorder

• GH insensitivity: Table 35.4-4: Classification der GH insensitivity
• Refer to chapter 35

Growth hormone doping

• Refer to section 35.4.5.2 – Biochemical testing for growth hormone excess

Guillain-Barré syndrome

• Table 46-21: Anti-gangliosid antibodies with Guillain-Barré syndrome

H

Healthy people

• Athletes: Table 15.3-8: Blood cell status in certain groups of individuals and patients and
• Table 15.4-3: Diseases and conditions with decreased HCT
• Children: Table 15.3-8: Blood cell status in certain groups of individuals and patients
• Hematocrit (HCT): Table 15.4-3: Diseases and conditions with decreased HCT
• Older people: Table 15.3-8: Blood cell status in certain groups of individuals and patients
• Physically work, stress, childbirth: Table 15.12-4: Diseases and conditions with neutrophilia
• Reticulocytes: Table 15.6-4: Diseases and conditions with reticulocytosis
• Smoker: Table 15.12-4: Diseases and conditions with neutrophilia
• Stress: Table 15.12-4: Diseases and conditions with neutrophilia

Heart failure

• Assessment of chronic heart failure: Table 2.8-2: Behavior of BNP and NT-proBNP in disease states
• Cardiac surgery: Table 2.4-3: cTn in acute coronary syndrome and other types of myocardial injury
• Cardio renal syndrome: Table 2.8-2: Behavior of BNP and NT-proBNP in disease states
• Cardio vascular risk: Table 2.8-2: Behavior of BNP and NT-proBNP in disease states
• Comorbidity in chronic heart failure: Table 2.7-6: Association and significant co-morbidities in patients with heart failure
• Coronary angiography: Table 2.4-3: cTn in acute coronary syndrome and other types of myocardial injury
• Coronary artery replacement: Table 2.4-3: cTn in acute coronary syndrome and other types of myocardial injury
• Catecholamines: Table 2.7-5: Non-specific laboratory test in chronic heart failure
• Diagnosis of acute heart failure: Table 2.8-2: Behavior of BNP and NT-proBNP in disease states
• Diagnosis of chronic heart failure: Table 2.8-2: Behavior of BNP and NT-proBNP in disease states
• High blood pressure: Table 2.2-2: Individual components of the metabolic syndrome
• Insulin resistance: Table 2.2-2: Individual components of the metabolic syndrome
• Myocardial damage: Table 2.8-2: Behavior of BNP and NT-proBNP in disease states
• Potassium: Table 2.7-5: Non-specific laboratory test in chronic heart failure
• Prognosis of acute heart failure: Table 2.8-2: Behavior of BNP and NT-proBNP in disease states
• Pulmonary embolism: Table 2.4-3: cTn in acute coronary syndrome and other types of myocardial injury
• Therapy of heart failure: Table 2.8-2: Behavior of BNP and NT-proBNP in disease states

Heat stroke

• Table 1.6-3: Aminotransferases in patients with hepatopathies

Hematology and autoimmunity

• Acute immune thrombocytopenia in children: Table 15.11-8: Thrombocytopenia of various origin
• Immune throbocytopenia (ITP): Table 15.11-8: Thrombocytopenia of various origin
• ITP post transplantation: Table 15.11-8: Thrombocytopenia of various origin
• Monocytosis: Table 15.12-10: Diseases and conditions with monocytosis
• Neutropenia: Table 15.12-7: Secondary neutropenias
• Thrombocytopenia: Table 15.11-8: Thrombocytopenia of various origin

Hemato-tissue parasitosis

• Leishmaniasis: Refer to section 44.5.2.2
• Malaria: Refer to section 44.5.2.3
• Toxoplasmosis: Refer to section 44.5.2.1

Hemochromatosis

• Hemochromatosis: Table 7.1-6: Clinical and laboratory findings in hereditary hemochromatosis
• Hypogonadism: Table 37.3-3: Secondary hypogonadismus and mixed acquired hypogonadism

Hemodilution

• Fibrinogen: Table 16.16-2: Diseases and conditions associated with decreased fibrinogen
• Perioperative patients: Table 16.5-2: Diagnostically significant tests and findings in perioperative patients

Hemolytic disorder

• Acute hemolytic transfusion reaction: Refer to section 27.5.1.1
• Alloimmune hemolysis: Refer to section 27.5.1
• Autohemolysis assay: Table 18.8-3: Investigations on the diagnosis and monitoring of hemolytic anemias
• Autoimmune hemolysis: Refer to section 27.5.3
• Bilirubin: Table 18.8-3: Investigations on the diagnosis and monitoring of hemolytic anemias
• Bithermic cold hemolysins type Donath-Landsteiner: Section 27.5.3.4
• Blood smear: Table 18.8-3: Investigations on the diagnosis and monitoring of hemolytic anemias
• Cold agglutinins: Refer to section 27.5.3.2
• Coombs test: Table 18.8-3: Investigations on the diagnosis and monitoring of hemolytic anemias
• Determination of CD16b: Table 18.8-3: Investigations on the diagnosis and monitoring of hemolytic anemias
• Delayed hemolytic transfusion reaction: Refer to section 27.5.1.2
• Donath-Landsteiner antibodies: Table 18.8-3: Investigations on the diagnosis and monitoring of hemolytic anemias
• Drug induced immune hemolysis: Refer to section 27.5.4
• Drugs: Table 27-21: Drugs that can cause immune hemolysis
• Haptoglobin: Table 18.8-5: Haptoglobin in hemolysis and diseases associated with various haptoglobin haplotypes
• Hb electrophoresis: Table 18.8-3: Investigations on the diagnosis and monitoring of hemolytic anemias
• Heinz body determination: Table 18.8-3: Investigations on the diagnosis and monitoring of hemolytic anemias
• Hemoglobin: Table 18.8-3: Investigations on the diagnosis and monitoring of hemolytic anemias
• Hemolytic neonatorum disease: Refer to section 27.5.2
• Hämopexin: Table 18.8-3: Investigations on the diagnosis and monitoring of hemolytic anemias
• Lactate dehydrogenase: Table 18.8-3: Investigations on the diagnosis and monitoring of hemolytic anemias
• Immune hemolysis: Refer to section 27.5
• Methemalbumin: Table 18.8-3: Investigations on the diagnosis and monitoring of hemolytic anemias
• Mixed autoimmune hemolysis: Refer to section 27.5.3.3
• Osmotic resistance: Table 18.8-3: Investigations on the diagnosis and monitoring of hemolytic anemias
• Red cell enzymes: Table 18.8-3: Investigations on the diagnosis and monitoring of hemolytic anemias
• Reticulocyte count: Table 18.8-3: Investigations on the diagnosis and monitoring of hemolytic anemias
• Warm reacting antibody: Refer to section 27.5.3.1

Hemophilia

• Acquired hemophilia A: Table 16.15-2: Hemostatic disorders associated with acquired reduction in coagulation factors
• APTT: Table 16.11-1: Hemostatic disorders with prolonged aPTT
• Bleeding tendency: Table 16.2-9: Diagnostic tests for hemorrhagic diathesis
• Clotting factors: Table 16.15-1: Hemostatic disorders associated with hereditary reduction in coagulation factors
• Hemophilia A: Table 16.15-1: Hemostatic disorders associated with hereditary reduction in coagulation factors
• Hemophilia B: Table 16.15-1: Hemostatic disorders associated with hereditary reduction in coagulation factors
• Prothrombin time: Table 16.10-3: Hemostatic disorders with prolonged prothrombin time

Hepatitis (chronic)

• Alpha₁-Antitrypsin (AAT): Table 18.5-3: Clinical manifestations of AAT deficiency
• Autoimmune hepatitis: Table 18.9-4: Pattern of IgG, IgA, IgM in liver disease
• Chronic active hepatitis: Table 18.9-4: Pattern of IgG, IgA, IgM in liver disease
• Chronic persistent hepatitis: Table 18.9-4: Pattern of IgG, IgA, IgM in liver disease
• Refer to section 43.26

Hepatopathy (acute)

• Acute liver disease: Table 1.6-3: Aminotransferases in patients with hepatopathies and
• Table 1.7-4: Liver diseases possibly associated with decreased ChE activity
• Acute-on-chronic liver failure: Table 16.6-2: The CLIF -organ failure score system
• Biliary tract disease: Table 1.3-3: Hepatic and biliary tract diseases possibly associated with elevated ALP and
• Table 1.9-4: GGT in hepatic and biliary tract disease and
• Table 1.10-4: GlD in hepatic and biliary tract disease
• Refer to section 43.26

Hepatopathy (acute co-reaction of the liver with infection)

• Brucellosis: Table 1.6-3: Aminotransferases in patients with hepatopathies
• Echinococcosis: Table 1.6-3: Aminotransferases in patients with hepatopathies
• Leptospirosis: Table 1.6-3: Aminotransferases in patients with hepatopathies
• Q-Fever: Table 1.6-3: Aminotransferases in patients with hepatopathies
• Toxoplasmosis: Table 1.6-3: Aminotransferases in patients with hepatopathies

Hepatopathy (biliary tract)

• AST, ALT: Table 1.6-3: Aminotransferases in patients with hepatopathies
• ALP: Table 1.3-3: Hepatic and biliary tract diseases possibly associated with elevated total ALP
• GGT: Table 1.9-4: GGT in hepatic and biliary tract diseases
• GLD: Table 1.10-4: GLD in hepatic and biliary tract diseases

Hepatopathy (drug associated)

• Acid-inhibing therapy (proton pump inhibitors, histamine type 2 receptor antagonists): Table 14.5-8: Diseases associated with pathological gastrin levels
• Antiepileptics: Table 1.6-3: Aminotransferases in patients with hepatopathies
• Antihypertensives: Table 1.6-3: Aminotransferases in patients with hepatopathies
• Cyclophosphamide, Busulfan, Azathioprine: Table 1.6-3: Aminotransferases in patients with hepatopathies
• Folate deficiency: Table 13.4-4: Risk groups and diseases associated with folate deficiency
• Heparin: Table 1.6-3: Aminotransferases in patients with hepatopathies
• Lipid-lowering agents: Table 1.6-3: Aminotransferases in patients with hepatopathies
• Methotrexate: Table 1.6-3: Aminotransferases in patients with hepatopathies
• NSAID: Table 1.6-3: Aminotransferases in patients with hepatopathies
• Oral antidiabetics: Table 1.6-3: Aminotransferases in patients with hepatopathies
• Oral ovulation inhibitors, Danazol: Table 1.6-3: Aminotransferases in patients with hepatopathies
• Paracetamol, INH, Troglitazone, Halothane, Sulfonamide: Table 1.6-3: Aminotransferases in patients with hepatopathies
• Proton pump inhibitors, histamin type 2 receptor­antagonists: Table 14.5-5: CgA in neuroendocrine tumors and other diseases
• Psychotropic drugs: Table 1.6-3: Aminotransferases in patients with hepatopathies
• Response of children to corticosteroid therapy: Table 14.3-13: Fecal calprotectin in functional and inflammatory intestinal disease

Hepatopathy (hypoxic)

• Aminotransferases: Table 1.6-3: Aminotransferases in patients with hepatopathy
• GlD: Table 1.10-4: GlD in hepatic and biliary tract disease
• Icterus juvenilis intermittens Gilbert-Meulengracht: Table 1.7-9: Diseases possibly associated with elevated ChE activity
• Intramuscular injection: Table 1.8-5: CK and CK-MB activities in acute akeletal muscle damage

Hepatopathy (pregnancy)

• Enhanced Liver Fibrosis (ELF) score: Table 1.2-1: Hepatic fibrosis staging based on scores and serum markers
• HELLP-syndrome: Table 1.6-3: Aminotransferases in patients with hepatopathies
• Hyperemesis gravidarum: Table 1.6-3: Aminotransferases in patients with hepatopathies
• Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy: Table 1.6-3: Aminotransferases in patients with hepatopathies
• Preeclampsia, eclampsia: Table 1.6-3: Aminotransferases in patients with hepatopathies
• Pregnancy fatty liver: Table 1.6-3: Aminotransferases in patients with hepatopathies

Hepatorenal syndrome

• Refer to section 12.1.5

Heparin therapy

• Anticoagulants: Table 16.28-6: Mode of action, clinical significance and monitoring of anticoagulants
• APTT: Table 16.11-1: Hemostatic disorders with prolonged aPTT
• Low molecular weight heparin: Table 16.28-6: Mode of action, clinical significance and monitoring of anticoagulants
• Prothrombin time: Table 16.12-1: Hemostatic disorders with prolonged prothrombin time
• Unfractionated heparin: Table 16.28-6: Mode of action, clinical significance and monitoring of anticoagulants
• Refer to section 16.28.7

Hereditary defects of clotting factors

• Afibrinogenemia: Table 16.16-2: Diseases and conditions associated with decreased fibrinogen
• α₂-antiplasmin: Table 16.24-1: Diseases and conditions associated with reduced α2-antiplasmin
• Antithrombin deficiency: Table 16.20-2: Hemostatic disorders with changes in antithrombin
• Factor XIII: Table 16.17-1: Hemostatic disorders in association with reduced FXIII concentration
• Hereditary hemorrhagic teleangiectasia: Table 16.2-7: Congenital thrombocytopathies
• Plasminogen: Table 16.23-1: Diseases and conditions associated with altered plasminogen concentration
• Preoperative patients: Table 16.5-1: Preoperative use of coagulation tests

Hereditary thrombophilia

• Coagulation factors: Table 16.15-1: Hemostatic disorders associated with hereditary reduction in coagulation factors
• Factor V inhibitor: Table 16.10-3: Hemostatic disorders with prolonged prothrombin time
• Factor VII: Table 16.15-1: Hemostatic disorders associated with hereditary reduction in coagulation factors
• Factor VIII: Table 16.15-1: Hemostatic disorders associated with hereditary reduction in coagulation factors
• Factor VIII antibodies: Table 16.15-1: Hemostatic disorders associated with hereditary reduction in coagulation factors
• Factor IX: Table 16.15-1: Hemostatic disorders associated with hereditary reduction in coagulation factors
• Factor X: Table 16.10-3: Hemostatic disorders with prolonged PT
• Factor XI: Table 16.15-1: Hemostatic disorders associated with hereditary reduction in coagulation factors
• Factor XIII: Table 16.17-1: Hemostatic disorders in association with reduced F XIII concentration
• Factor XIII inhibitors: Table 16.17-1: Hemostatic disorders in association with reduced F XIII concentration
• Fibrinogen: Table 16.16-2: Diseases and conditions associated with decreased fibrinogen
• Phenotype APC resistance: Table 16.19-7: Hereditary thrombophilia
• Prothrombin time: Table 16.10-3: Hemostatic disorders with prolonged prothrombin time

Histiozytosis X

• Table 48-5: Pathological findings in non-infectious diseases

HIV infection

• CDC classification: Table 46-15: Clinical categories of the CDC classification of HIV infection
• Classification: Table 46-16: CDC classification of HIV infection into laboratory categories

HIV therapy

• Acidosis: Table 8.4-2: Metabolic acidosis with increased anion ga

HLA typing and diseases

• HLA types: Table 26-5: Association between HLA types and diseases
• Stem cell transplantation: Table 26-7: Indication for advanced molecular biological HLA typing in preparation of initial allogeneic hematopoiertic stem cell transplantation

Homocystinuria

• Heterozygous type: Table 13.1-4: Causes and diseases possibly associated with hyperhomocysteinemia
• Homozygous type: Table 13.1-4: Causes and diseases possibly associated with hyperhomocysteinemia
• Hyperhomocysteinemia: Table 13.6-3: Association between betaine deficiency and diseases
• MTHFR C677T mutation: Table 13.1-4: Causes and diseases possibly associated with hyperhomocysteinemia

Hormonal disease

• Adrenal cortical insufficiency: Table 15.12-11: Differential diagnosis of eosinophilia
• Cushing’s disease: Table 15.12-4: Diseases and conditions with neutrophilia
• Refer to chapter 30 and
• chapter 31 and
• chapter 32 and
• chapter 33 and
• chapter 34 and
• chapter 35 and
• chapter 36 and
• chapter 37

Hungry bone syndrome

• Table 6.2-4: Diseases that may cause hypocalcemia

Hyperammonemia

• Chemotherapy: Table 5.1-6: Acquired hyperammonemia
• Disorders in fatty acid oxidation: Table 5.1-4: Hereditary hyperammonemia
• Hepatic encephlopathy: Table 5.1-6: Acquired hyperammonemias
• Hyperornithinemia, hyperammonemia, hyper citrullinemia syndrome: Table 5.1-4: Hereditary hyperammonemia
• Hyperinsulinism-hyperammonemia syndrome: Table 5.1-4: Hereditary hyperammonemia
• Lysinuric protein intolerance: Table 5.1-4: Hereditary hyperammonemia
• Newborn with low birth weight: Table 5.1-6: Acquired hyperammonemia
• Organoacidopathy: Table 5.1-4: Hereditary hyperammonemia
• Reye syndrome: Table 5.1-6: Acquired hyperammonemia
• Transient hyperammonemia of the newborn: Table 5.1-6: Acquired hyperammonemia
• Urea cycle defects: Table 5.1-4: Hereditary hyperammonemia
• Urinary tract infection: Table 5.1-6: Acquired hyperammonemia
• Valproic acid therapy: Table 5.1-6: Acquired hyperammonemia
• Refer to section 5.1

Hyperbilirubinemia

• Acute hepatitis through hepatotropic viruses: Table 5.2-3: Intrahepatic hyperbilirubinemia
• Alcoholic hepatitis: Table 5.2-3: Intrahepatic hyperbilirubinemia
• Autoimmune hepatitis: Table 5.2-3: Intrahepatic hyperbilirubinemia
• Benign recurrent intrahepatic cholestasis (BRIC): Table 5.2-5: Hereditary hyperbilirubinemia
• Biliary atresia: Table 5.2-4: Post hepatic hyperbilirubinemia
• Bilirubin induced neurologic dysfunction (BIND): Table 5.2-2: Prehepatic hyperbilirubinemia
• Blood transfusion in newborns: Table 5.2-2: Prehepatic hyperbilirubinemia
• Chronic hepatitis through hepatotropic viruses: Table 5.2-3: Intrahepatic hyperbilirubinemia
• Crigler-Najjar syndrome: Table 5.2-5: Hereditary hyperbilirubinemia
• Dubin-Johnson syndrome: Table 5.2-5: Hereditary hyperbilirubinemia
• Extra hepatic cholestasis: Table 5.2-4: Post hepatic hyperbilirubinemia
• Gilbert syndrome: Table 5.2-5: Hereditary hyperbilirubinemia
• Hemolytic anemia: Table 5.2-2: Prehepatic hyperbilirubinemia
• Icterus neonatorum: Table 5.2-2: Prehepatic hyperbilirubinemia
• Liver cirrhosis: Table 5.2-3: Intrahepatic hyperbilirubinemia
• Pregnancy: Table 5.2-3: Intrahepatic hyperbilirubinemia
• Primary sclerosing cholangitis: Table 5.2-4: Post hepatic hyperbilirubinemia
• Progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis: Table 5.2-5: Hereditary hyperbilirubinemia
• Rotor syndrome: Table 5.2-5: Hereditary hyperbilirubinemia
• Refer to section 5.2

Hypercalcemia

• Idiopathic infantile hypercalcemia: Table 6.2-3: Diseases that can cause hypercalcemia and
• Table 6.6-3: Diseases and conditions with modified 25(OH)D or 1,25 (OH)2D concentration
• Immobilisation: Table 6.2-3: Diseases that can cause hypercalcemia
• Table 6.2-3: Diseases that can cause hypercalcemia
• Refer to section 6.2

Hypercalcuria

• Calcium: Table 6.2-7: Diseases associated with increased urinary calcium excretion

Hypercortisolism

• Cushing syndrome: Table 34.3-2: Hypercortisolism and Cushing’s syndrome
• Hypertension: Table 31.3-3: Disorders associated with low renin hypertension

Hyperferritinemia-cataract syndrome

• Ferritin: Table 7.3-4: Diseases and conditions associated with elevated ferritin concentrations

Hyper-IgE syndrome

• T cell immunodeficiency: Table 21.2-5: Primary (mainly) T cell immunodeficiency

Hyper-IgM immunodeficiency (HIM)

• Table 21.2-6: Clinics and laboratory findings in primary antibody deficiency

Hyperinsulinism

• Autoimmune insulin mediated hypoglycemia: Table 3.7-5: Diseases and conditions associated with hyperinsulinism and hypoglycemia
• Congenital hyperinsulinism: Table 3.7–5: Diseases and conditions associated with hyperinsulinism and hypoglycemia
• Hyperinsulinism of the newborn: Table 3.7-5: Diseases and conditions associated with hyperinsulinism and hypoglycemia
• Insulinoma: Table 3.7-5: Diseases and conditions associated with hyperinsulinism and hypoglycemia
• Postprandial hyperreactive hypoglycemia: Table 3.7-5: Diseases and conditions associated with hyperinsulinism and hypoglycemia

Hyperkalemia/hypokalemia

• Chronic hyperkalemia: Table 8.7-3: Diseases and conditions associated with hyperkalemia
• Dent’s disease: Table 8.8-9: Hyperkaluric hypokalemia
• Hyperkalemic RTA (Typ 4): Table 8.8-5: Renal-tubular acidosis
• Hypokalemia: Table 8.6-9: Disorders of water balance with reduced or normal AVP and CT-proAVP
• Hypokalemic alkalosis: Table 8.3-4: Diseases associated with a decrease in serum chloride
• Hypokalemic periodic paralysis: Table 8.7-2: Diseases and conditions associated with hypokalemia
• Hypomagnesemia: Table 8.7-2: Diseases and conditions associated with hypokalemia
• Increased potassium intake: Table 8.7-3: Diseases and conditions associated with hyperkalemia
• Licorice abuse: Table 8.7-2: Diseases and conditions associated with hypokalemia
• Periodic paralysis: Table 8.7-3: Diseases and conditions associated with hyperkalemia
• Potassium-sparing diuretics: Table 8.7-3: Diseases and conditions associated with hyperkalemia
• Pseudo hyperkalemia: Table 8.7-3: Diseases and conditions associated with hyperkalemia
• Stress induced hypokalemia e.g., myocardial infarction bronchial asthma: Table 8.7-2: Diseases and conditions associated with hypokalemia
• Trauma: Table 8.7-2: Diseases and conditions associated with hypokalemia
• Refer to section 8.7

Hyperlactatemia

• Alcohol intoxication: Table 5.6-4: Hyperlacticemia with frequent progression to lactic acidosis
• Citric cycle defect: Table 5.6-6: Hereditary metabolic disorders causing lactic acidosis
• Drugs: Table 5.6-4: Hyperlacticemia with frequent progression to lactic acidosis
• Fetal emergency situation: Table 5.6-4: Hyperlacticemia with frequent progression to lactic acidosis
• Gluconeogenesis defect: Table 5.6-6: Hereditary metabolic disorders causing lactic acidosis
• Glycogen metabolism defect: Table 5.6-6: Hereditary metabolic disorders causing lactic acidosis
• HIV infection: Table 5.6-4: Hyperlacticemia with frequent progression to lactic acidosis
• Hypoxia of the newborn: Table 5.6-4: Hyperlacticemia with frequent progression to lactic acidosis
• Intra-abdominal vascular occlusion: Table 5.6-4: Hyperlacticemia with frequent progression to lactic acidosis
• Liquor cerebrospinalis: Table 5.6-9: Meningeal and cerebral diseases in which the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) lactate is relevant
• Malignant tumor: Table 5.6-4: Hyperlacticemia with frequent progression to lactic acidosis
• Organoaciduria: Table 5.6-6: Hereditary metabolic disorders causing lactic acidosis
• Organ transplant: Table 5.6-4: Hyperlacticemia with frequent progression to lactic acidosis
• Pyruvate metabolism defect: Table 5.6-6: Hereditary metabolic disorders causing lactic acidosis
• Respiratory chain defect: Table 5.6-6: Hereditary metabolic disorders causing lactic acidosis
• Sepsis, Shock: Table 5.6-4: Hyperlacticemia with frequent progression to lactic acidosis
• Various: Table 5.6-6: Hereditary metabolic disorders causing lactic acidosis
• Refer to section 5.6

Hyperlipoproteinemia

• Dyslipoproteinemia: Table 4.1-2: Hereditary dyslipoproteinemia and
• Table 4.1-3: Multifactorial dyslipoproteinemia
• ChE actiivity: Table 1.7-9: Diseases possibly associated with elevated ChE activity

Hyper-/hyponatremia

• Electrolyte and water balance: Table 8.1-3: Cases of disorders in electrolyte and water balance
• Emergency reception: Table 8.2-2: Diseases and causes that can lead to hyponatremia
• General illness patients: Table 8.2-2: Diseases and causes that can lead to hyponatremia
• Hyponatremia: Table 8.2-2: Diseases and causes that can lead to hyponatremia
• Idiopathic hypernatremia syndrome: Table 8.2-3: Diseases and causes that can lead to hypernatremia
• Intravenous application of highly concentrated sodium: Table 8.2-3: Diseases and causes that can lead to hyper
• Postoperative: Table 8.2-2: Diseases and causes that can lead to hyponatremia
• Primary hyperaldosteronism: Table 8.2-3: Diseases and causes that can lead to hypernatremia
• Refer to section 8.1

Hyperparathyroidism

• Bone mineralization: Table 6.1-6: Diseases involving disorders of bone mineralization
• Calcium: Table 6.2-3: Diseases that can cause hypercalcemia and
• Table 6.1-6: Diseases involving disorders of bone mineralization
• Hypercalcuria: Table 6.2-7: Diseases associated with increased urinary calcium excretion
• Hypophosphatemia: Table 6.3-3: Diseases and conditions associated with hypophosphatemia
• Neonatal hyperparathyroidism: Table 6.2-3: Diseases that can cause hypercalcemia
• Osteocalcin: Table 6.9-2: Diseases with increased osteocalcin concentration
• Parathyroid hormone: Table 6.4-2: Diseases and conditions with hyperparathyroidism and hypoparathyroidism
• Parathyroid related protein (PTHrP): Table 6.5-2: Diseases and conditions with increased PTHrP levels
• Secondary hyperparathyroidism: Table 6.1-6: Diseases involving disorders of bone mineralization
• Tertiary hyperparathyroidism: Table 6.2-3: Diseases that can cause hypercalcemia
• Vitamin D deficiency: Table 6.4-2: Diseases and conditions with hyperparathyroidism and hypoparathyroidism
• Refer to section 6.4

Hyperparathyroidism (neonatal)

• Table 6.2-3: Diseases that can cause hypercalcemia

Hyperparathyroidism (primary)

• Table 6.2-3: Diseases that can cause hypercalcemia
• Table 6.4-2: Diseases and conditions with hyperparathyroidism and hypoparathyroidism
• Table 6.1-6: Diseases involving disorders of bone mineralization
• Table 6.5-2: Diseases and conditions with increased PTHrP
• Table 6.9-2: Diseases and conditions with increased osteocalcin
• Table 6.2-7: Diseases associated with increased urinary calcium excretion
• Table 6.3-3: Diseases and conditions with hypophosphatemia

Hyperparathyroidism (secondary)

• Table 6.1-6: Diseases involving disorders of bone mineralization
• Table 6.9-2: Diseases with increased osteocalcin

Hyperparathyroidism (vitamin D deficiency)

• Table 6.4-2: Diseases and conditions with hyperparathyroidism and hypoparathyroidism

Hyperprolactinemia

• Table 37.2-3: Clinical and laboratory findings in menstrual disorders

Hypertension

• Essential hypertension: Table 31.4-9: Secondary aldosteronism, mineralocorticoid excess and hypertension
• Familial glucocorticoid resistance: Table 31.3-3: Disorders associated with low renin hypertension
• Gordon syndrome: Table 31.3-3: Disorders associated with low renin hypertension
• Hypercortisolism: Table 31.3-3: Disorders associated with low renin hypertension
• Malignant hypertension: Table 31.4-9: Secondary aldosteronism, mineralocorticoid excess and hypertension
• Mineralocorticoid receptor activating mutations: Table 31.3-3: Disorders associated with low renin hypertension
• PA, PAI: Table 16.25-1: Diseases and conditions associated with abnormal PA and PAI concentrations
• Syndrome of apparent mineralocorticoid excess: Table 31.3-3: Disorders associated with low renin hypertension
• Refer to chapter 31

Hyperthyroidism

• Amiodarone: Table 30.1-3: Primary thyroid disorders associated with hyper-, hypo- and euthyroidism
• Course of TSH in hyperthyroidism: Table 30.2-5: TSH in thyroid disease and non-thyroidal illness
• Graves’ disease: Table 30.5-2: TPOAb in thyroid diseases
• Immune-related hyperthyroidism: Table 30.1-3: Primary thyroid disorders associated with hyper-, hypo- and euthyroidism and
• Table 30.5-3: Thyroglobulin receptor antibodies in thyroid diseases
• Lithium-related hyperthyroidism: Table 30.1-3: Primary thyroid disorders associated with hyper-, hypo- and euthyroidism
• Manipulation-related thyroiditis: Table 30.1-3: Primary thyroid disorders associated with hyper-, hypo- and euthyroidism
• Postpartum hyperthyroidism: Table 30.1-3: Primary thyroid disorders associated with hyper-, hypo- and euthyroidism
• Primary hyperthyroidism: Table 30.1-3: Primary thyroid disorders associated with hyper-, hypo- and euthyroidism
• Radioiodine-related hyperthyroidism: Table 30.1-3: Primary thyroid disorders associated with hyper-, hypo- and euthyroidism
• Subclinical (latent) hyperthyroidism: Table 30.1-4: Subclinical thyroid function disorder and
• Table 30.1-3: Primary thyroid disorders associated with hyper-, hypo- and euthyroidism
• Table 30.3-2: Assessment of FT4 and TT4 levels
• Table 30.3-5: Assessment of T3 and FT3 levels
• Refer to chapter 30

Hyperuricemia

• Acute gouty arthritis: Table 5.4-9: Diseases and conditions associated with hyperuricemia
• Alcohol consumption: Table 5.4-9: Diseases and conditions associated with hyperuricemia
• Cardiac failure: Table 5.4-9: Diseases and conditions associated with hyperuricemia and
• Table 5.4-10: Association of hyperuricemia with other diseases
• Chronic kidney disease: Table 5.4-10: Association of hyperuricemia with other diseases
• Diabetes mellitus: Table 5.4-10: Association of hyperuricemia with other diseases
• Diuretics: Table 5.4-9: Diseases and conditions associated with hyperuricemia
• Hypertension: Table 5.4-10: Association of hyperuricemia with other diseases
• Lesch-Nyhan syndrome: Table 5.4-9: Diseases and conditions associated with hyperuricemia
• Metabolic syndrome: Table 5.4-10: Association of hyperuricemia with other diseases
• Preeclampsia: Table 5.4-9: Diseases and conditions associated with hyperuricemia
• Renal insufficiency: Table 5.4-9: Diseases and conditions associated with hyperuricemia
• Stroke: Table 5.4-10: Association of hyperuricemia with other diseases
• Tumor lysis syndrome: Table 5.4-9: Diseases and conditions associated with hyperuricemia
• Zero diet: Table 5.4-9: Diseases and conditions associated with hyperuricemia
• Refer to section 5.4

Hyperventilation

• Alkalosis: Table 9-7: Respiratory alkalosis
• Phosphate: Table 6.3-3: Diseases and conditions associated with hypophosphatemia

Hypoglycemia

• Alcohol consumption: Table 3.2-1: Hypoglycemia syndromes in adults
• β-receptor blockers: Table 3.2-1: Hypoglycemia syndromes in adults
• Body constitution: Table 3.2-1: Hypoglycemia syndromes in adults
• Extra-pancreatic tumor associated hypoglycemia: Table 3.2-1: Hypoglycemia syndromes in adults
• Fatty acid oxidation defect: Table 3.2-2: Hypoglycemia syndromes in childhood and infancy
• Fructose metabolism disorder: Table 3.2-2: Hypoglycemia syndromes in childhood and infancy
• Galactosemia: Table 3.2-2: Hypoglycemia syndromes in childhood and infancy
• Glycogen storage disease: Table 3.2-2: Hypoglycemia syndromes in childhood and infancy
• Hormone deficiency: Table 3.2-2: Hypoglycemia syndromes in childhood and infancy
• Hypoglycemia factitia: Table 3.7-5: Diseases and conditions associated with hyperinsulinism and hypoglycemia and
• Table 3.2-1: Hypoglycemia syndromes in adults
• Hypoglycemia syndromes: Table 3.2-2: Hypoglycemia syndromes in childhood and infancy
• Newborn: Table 3.2-2: Hypoglycemia syndromes in childhood and infancy
• Physical work: Table 3.2-1: Hypoglycemia syndromes in adults
• Polycythemia vera: Table 3.2-1: Hypoglycemia syndromes in adults
• Postprandial hypoglycemia: Table 3.2-1: Hypoglycemia syndromes in adults
• Refer to section 3.7

Hypoparathyroidism

• Acquired hypoparathyroidism: Table 6.4-2: Diseases and conditions with hyperparathyroidism and hypoparathyroidism
• Autosomal dominant hypoparathyroidism: Table 6.4-2: Diseases and conditions with hyperparathyroidism and hypoparathyroidism
• Immune-mediated hypoparathyroidism: Table 6.4-2: Diseases and conditions with hyperparathyroidism and hypoparathyroidism

Hypophyst stem cut

• Table 37.3-3: Secondary hypogonadismus and mixed acquired hypogonadism

Hypopituitarism

• Hormone deficiency: Table 33.3-2: Hormone deficiencies in hypopituitarism

Hyporeninism

• Aldosteron synthase deficiency: Table 31.3-3: Disorders associated with low renin hypertension
• Ectopic ACTH syndrome: Table 31.3-3: Disorders associated with low renin hypertension
• Familial glucocorticoid resistance: Table 31.3-3: Disorders associated with low renin hypertension
• Hypercortisolism: Table 31.3-3: Disorders associated with low renin hypertension
• Mineralocorticoid receptor activating mutations: Table 31.3-3: Disorders associated with low renin hypertension
• Syndrome of apparent mineralocorticoid excess: Table 31.3-3: Disorders associated with low renin hypertension
• Refer to section 31.3

Hypothalamic-pituitary ovarian insufficiency

• Menstrual disorder: Table 37.2-3: Clinical and laboratory findings in menstrual disorders

Hypothyroidism

• Congenital hypothyroidism: Table 30.1-3: Primary thyroid disorders associated with hyper-, hypo- and euthyroidism
• Course of TSH in hypothyroidism: Table 30.2-5: TSH in thyroid disease and non-thyroidal illness
• Levothyroxine substitution: Table 30.3-3: Diseases and conditions associated with changes in FT4 and/or TT4
• Manifest hypothyroidism: Table 30.1-3: Primary thyroid disorders associated with hyper-, hypo- and euthyroidism and
• Table 30.5-2: TPOAb in thyroid diseases
• Subclinical (latent) hypothyroidism: Table 30.5-2: TPOAb in thyroid diseases and
• Table 30.1-4: Subclinical thyroid function disorder
• Subclinical hypothyroidism: Table 30.2-5: TSH in thyroid disease and non-thyroidal illness
• Table 30.3-2: Assessment of FT4 and TT4 levels
• Table 30.3-5: Assessment of T3 and FT3 levels
• Refer to section 30.3

Hypouricemia

• Drugs: Table 5.4-11: Diseases and conditions associated with hypouricemia
• Increased renal excretion of uric acid: Table 5.4-11: Diseases and conditions associated with hypouricemia
• Xanthinuria: Table 5.4-11: Diseases and conditions associated with hypouricemia

Hypoventilation

• Alkalosis: Table 9-5: Metabolic alkalosis

Hypoxia

• Erythropoietin: Table 15.10-2: Diseases and conditions associated with adequate rise in erythropoietin concentration
• Hypoxemia: Table 9-8: Arterial hypoxemia; PO2 und SO2 decreased
• Metabolic acidosis: Table 9-3: Metabolic acidosis due to acid addition or bicarbonate subtraction
• Venovenous and venoarterial extracorporal membrane oxigenation: Table 15.5-4: Hemolysis and plasma free hemoglobin

I

Idiopathic chronic eosinophilic pneumonia (ICEP)

• BAL cell types: Table 48-3: Disorders associated with increased percentage of specific BAL cell types
• Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL): Table 48-6: Non infectious diseases in which BAL can provide useful information

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF)

• BAL celltypes: Table 48-3: Disorders associated with increased percentage of specific BAL cell types
• Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL): Table 48-6: Non infectious diseases in which BAL can provide useful information

Idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis

• Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL): Table 48-6: Non infectious diseases in which BAL can provide useful information

IgG4-related diseases

• Refer to section 18.15

Immobilisation, weightlessness

• Table 6.2-7: Diseases associated with increased urinary calcium excretion

Immune checkpoint inhibitors

• Table 34.2-2: Hypocortisolism

Immune defense

• Immunocompromised patient: Table 19.4-2: Behavior of the CRP in diseases with mild to high grade inflammation
• Refer to chapter 21

Immunoglobulin deficiency

• Hyper-IgM immunodeficiency: Table 21.2-6: Clinics and laboratory findings in primary antibody deficiency
• IgG subclass deficiency: Table 21.2-6: Clinics and laboratory findings in primary antibody deficiency and
• Table 21.2-11: Tests for suspected immunodeficiency
• IgG, IgA, IgM: Table 21.2-11: Tests for suspected immunodeficiency
• Selective IgA deficiency: Table 21.2-6: Clinics and laboratory findings in primary antibody deficiency
• Table 21.2-11: Tests for suspected immunodeficiency
• Refer to section 18.9.3.3.1

Inborn error of metabolism

• Laboratory tests: Table 38.1-11: Laboratory tests for suspected high risk pregnancy or high risk delivery

Incidentaloma

• Aldosteronism: Table 31.4-4: Aldosteronism, mineralocorticoid excess and hypertension
• Hypercortisolism: Table 34.3-2: Hypercortisolism and Cushing syndrome
• Pheochromocytoma: Table 32.1-4: Hereditary syndromes in association with pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma

Incompatible blood type

• Laboratory tests: Table 38.1-11: Laboratory tests for suspected high risk pregnancy or high risk delivery

Increased regular bone loss

• β-CrossLaps: Table 6.12-2: β-CTX (β-CrossLaps) in diseases with increased bone turnover

Increased synthesis of SHBG

• Table 37.3-3: Secondary and mixed acquired hypogonadism
• Table 37.3-2: Primary hypogonadism

Infection in pregnancy

• Chlamydia: Table 38.1-10: Laboratory tests for the diagnosis and monitoring of pregnancy and
• Table 38.1-12: Laboratory tests for suspected embryonic and fetal infection
• Cytomegalovirus: Table 38.1-12: Laboratory tests for suspected embryonic and fetal infection
• Gonococci: Table 38.1-12: Laboratory tests for suspected embryonic and fetal infection
• Group B streptococci (GBS): Table 38.1-10: Laboratory tests for the diagnosis and monitoring of pregnancy
• Hepatitis A: Table 38.1-12: Laboratory tests for suspected embryonic and fetal infection
• Hepatitis B: Table 38.1-12: Laboratory tests for suspected embryonic and fetal infection
• Herpes simplex virus (HSV): Table 38.1-12: Laboratory tests for suspected embryonic and fetal infection
• HIV: Table 38.1-10: Laboratory tests for the diagnosis and monitoring of pregnancy and
• Table 38.1-12: Laboratory tests for suspected embryonic and fetal infection
• Listeria: Table 38.1-12: Laboratory tests for suspected embryonic and fetal infection
• Measles virus: Table 38.1-12: Laboratory tests for suspected embryonic and fetal infection
• Mumps virus: Table 38.1-12: Laboratory tests for suspected embryonic and fetal infection
• Parvovirus B19: Table 38.1-12: Laboratory tests for suspected embryonic and fetal infection
• Rubella virus: Table 38.1-10: Laboratory tests for the diagnosis and monitoring of pregnancy and
• Table 38.1-12: Laboratory tests for suspected embryonic and fetal infection
• Syphilis: Table 38.1-10: Laboratory tests for the diagnosis and monitoring of pregnancy and
• Table 38.1-12: Laboratory tests for suspected embryonic and fetal infection
• Toxoplasmosis: Table 38.1-10: Laboratory tests for the diagnosis and monitoring of pregnancy and
• Table 38.1-12: Laboratory tests for suspected embryonic and fetal infection
• Varicella virus: Table 38.1-12: Laboratory tests for suspected embryonic and fetal infection
• Refer to chapter 38

Infections associated with lymphopenia

• Bacteremia: Table 15.12-9: Diseases and conditions with lymphopenia
• Congenital immuno deficiency: Table 15.12-9: Diseases and conditions with lymphopenia
• HIV infection: Table 15.12-9: Diseases and conditions with lymphopenia
• Sepsis: Table 15.11-8: Thrombocytopenia of different origin
• Systemic lupus erythematosus: Table 15.12-9: Diseases and conditions with lymphopenia
• Tuberculosis: Table 15.12-9: Diseases and conditions with lymphopenia associated with mild to high-grade inflammation and
• Table 19.6-3: SAA in inflammatory diseases

Infectious diseases generally

• Acute infection: Table 15.11-7: Diseases and conditions with secondary thrombocytosis
• AIDS: Table 15.3-11: Classification and differentiation of normocytic anemia
• Amniotic infection syndrome: Table 19.4-2: CRP in diseases associated with mild to high-grade inflammation
• Appendicitis: Table 19.4-2: CRP in diseases associated with mild to high-grade inflammation
• Bacterial infection: Table 15.12-4: Diseases and conditions with neutrophilia and
• Table 15.12-9: Diseases and conditions with lymphopenia and
• Table 19.4-2: CRP in diseases associated with mild to high-grade inflammation
• Blood smear: Table 15.13-4: Morphological blood smear findings in infectious disease
• Chronic infection: Table 15.11-7: Diseases and conditions with secondary thrombocytosis
• Chronic inflammatory disease: Table 15.12-4: Diseases and conditions wih neutrophilia
• COVID-19: Table 7.3-4: Diseases and conditions associated with elevated serum ferritin concentration and
• Table 19.1-6: Acute-phase response induced by various inflammatory stimuli
• CRP: Table 19.4-2: Behavior of CRP with mild to high-grade inflammation
• CRP, SAA: Table 19.6-2: Comparison of SAA and CRP in viral infection
• Cytomegalia (CMV): Table 15.11-8: Thromboctopenia of various origins
• Fever in children: Table 19.4-2: CRP in disease associated with mild to high-grade inflammation
• Fungal infection: Table 19.4-2: CRP in diseases associated with mild to high-grade inflammation
• Fungal-, parasite-, viral infections: Table 15.12-4: Diseases and conditions with neutrophilia
• Genital infection: Table 42.22-1: Clinical syndromes by sexually transmissible emerging and reemerging pathogens and
• Table 19.4-2: CRP in diseases associated with mild to high-grade inflammation
• Helicobacter pylori infection: Table 15.11-8: Thromboctopenia of various origin
• Hepatitis C infection: Table 15.11-8: Thromboctopenia of various origin
• HIV: Table 15.11-9: Pregnancy associated thrombocytopenia and
• Table 15.12-9: Disorders and conditions with lymphopenia and
• Table 46-15: Clinical category of HIV infection according to the CDC and
• Table 46-16: CDC classification of HIV infection according to laboratory findings
• Hyperinflammation: Table 19.1-6: Acute-phase response induced by various inflammatory stimuli
• Infection: Table 15.12-4: Diseases and conditions with neutrophilia
• Inflammation: Table 19.4-2: CRP in disease associated with mild to high-grade inflammation
• Influenza: Table 15.12-10: Diseases and conditions with monocytosis and
• Table 15.12-9: Diseases and conditions with lymphopenia
• Localized infection: Table 19.5-1: Procalcitonin levels in differential diagnosis of inflammatoy diseases
• Malaria: Table 15.3-11: Classifikation and differentiation of normocytic anemia
• Measles-Mumps-Rubella-vaccine (MMR): Table 15.11-8: Thrombocytopenia of various origins
• Meningitis: Table 19.4-2: CRP in diseases associated with mild to high-grade inflammation
• Neonatal sepsis: Table 19.4-2: CRP in diseases associated with mild to high-grade inflammation
• Parasitosis: Table 15.12-11: Differential diagnosis of eosinophilia and
• Table 19.4-2: CRP in diseases associated with mild to high-grade inflammation
• Pneumonia: Table 19.4-2: CRP in diseases associated with mild to high-grade inflammation
• SARS-COV-2: Table 19.1-6: Acute-phase response induced by various inflammatory stimuli and
• Table 7.3-4: Diseases and conditions associated with elevated concentration of ferritin
• Serum amyloid A (SAA): Table 19.6-2: Comparison of SAA and CRP in viral infection
• Sepsis: Table 19.4-2: CRP in diseases associated with mild to high-grade inflammation and
• Table 19.5-1: Procalcitonin in the differential diagnosis of inflammatory diseases and
• Table 19.1-6: Acute phase response induced by various inflammatory stimuli
• Sexually transmitted infections: Table 42.3-1: Clinical syndromes by sexually transmissible emerging and reemerging pathogens
• Tick-borne disease: Table 42.3-2: Clinical manifestations of Lyme borreliosis and
• Table 42.3-3: Clinical case definition and indication for laboratory investigation and
• Table 42.3-5: Examples of interpretative criteria for immunoblot
• Tuberculosis: Table 15.12-9: Diseases and conditions with lymphopenia
• Varicella zoster (VZV) infection: Table 15.11-8: Thrombocytopenia of different origin
• Venereal disease: Table 42.22-1: Clinical syndromes by sexually transmissible emerging and reemerging pathogens
• Viral infection: Table 19.1-6: Acute phase response induced by various inflammatory stimuli and
• Table 19.4-2: CRP in diseases and
• Table 19.4-2: CRP in diseases associated with mild to high-grade inflammation

Infectious lung diseases

• Pathogen detection: Table 48-4: Pathogen detection in BAL in infectious disease of the lung

Infertility

• Refer to section 19.7

Inflammation

• C-reactive protein: Table 19.4-2: CRP in disease associated with mild to high-grade inflammation
• Fibrinogen: Table 16.16-3: Diseases and conditions associated with increased fibrinogen
• Leukocyte count and differential: Refer to section 19.3.3
• Oxidative stress: Refer to section 19.2
• PA, PAI: Table 16.25-1: Diseases and conditions associated with abnormal PA and PAI concentrations
• Protein C: Table 16.21-2: Diseases and conditions with acquired PC deficiency
• Procalcitonin: Table 19.5-1: PCT in the differential diagnosis of inflammatory diseases
• Serum Amyloid A: Table 19.6-2: Comparison of SAA and CRP in viral infection and
• Table 19.6-3: SAA in in inflammatory diseases
• Refer to chapter 19

Influence factor in renal insufficiency

• Amylase: Table 1.4-3: Cause of extrapancreatic hyperamylasemia
• Calcitonin: Table 28.12-2: Elevated calcitonin without the presence of medullary thyroid cancer
• Chromogranin A: Table 14.5-3: Non gastrointetinal NET disorders with elevated CgA levels
• Gastrin: Table 14.5-8: Diseases associated with pathological gastrin levels

Influencing factors of growth

• GH deficiency: Table 35.4-5: Influencing factors of GH secretion

Influencing factors of prolactin secretion

• Dopamine deficiency: Table 36-5: Conditions and diseases with hyperprolactinemia
• Drugs: Table 36-5: Conditions and diseases with hyperprolactinemia
• Epileptical attack: Table 36-5: Conditions and diseases with hyperprolactinemia
• Monoamine neurotransmitter disorders: Table 36-5: Conditions and diseases with hyperprolactinemia
• Organ disease: Table 36-5: Conditions and diseases with hyperprolactinemia
• Physiological conditions: Table 36-5: Conditions and diseases with hyperprolactinemia
• Pregnancy: Table 36-5: Conditions and diseases with hyperprolactinemia
• Prolaktinoma: Table 36-5: Conditions and diseases with hyperprolactinemia
• Psychiatric patients: Table 36-5: Conditions and diseases with hyperprolactinemia
• Puberty, menopause: Table 36-5: Conditions and diseases with hyperprolactinemia
• Stress: Table 36-5: Conditions and diseases with hyperprolactinemia
• Refer to chapter 36

Inhibitors against clotting factors

• Factors VIII, IX und XI inhibitors: Table 16.11-1: Hemostatic disorders with prolonged aPTT
• Hämophilia: Table 16.15-2: Hemostatic disorders associated with acquired reduction in coagulation factors
• Thrombin antibodies: Table 16.12-1: Hemostatic disorders with prolonged prothrobin time

Innate immunodeficiency

• Ataxia teleangiectasia (Louis-Bar syndrome): Table 21.2-5: Primary (mainly) T cell immunodeficiency
• CD3 deficiency: Table 21.2-5: Primary (mainly) T cell immunodeficiency
• Chediak-Higashi syndrome: Table 21.2-9: Primary phagocyte disorders
• Chronic granulomatous disease: Table 21.2-9: Primary phagocyte disorders
• Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis: Table 21.2-5: Primary (mainly) T cell immunodeficiency
• Common variable immunodeficiency syndrome: Table 21.2-6: Clinics and laboratory findings in primary antibody deficiency
• DiGeorge syndrome: Table 21.2-5: Primary (mainly) T cell immunodeficiency
• DOCK8 deficiency: Table 21.2-5: Primary (mainly) T cell immunodeficiency
• Interferon receptor deficiency: Table 21.2-5: Primary (mainly) T cell immunodeficiency
• Interleukin-2 receptor deficiency: Table 21.2-5: Primary (mainly) T cell immunodeficiency
• Interleukin-2 inducible kinase deficiency: Table 21.2-5: Primary (mainly) T cell immunodeficiency
• JAK3-SCID: Table 21.2-5: Primary (mainly) T cell immunodeficiency
• Nijmegen breakage syndrome: Table 21.2-5: Primary (mainly) T cell immunodeficiency
• Omenn syndrome: Table 21.2-5: Primary (mainly) T cell immunodeficiency
• Purine nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency SCID: Table 21.2-5: Primary (mainly) T cell immunodeficiency
• SCID caused by RAG mutation: Table 21.2-5: Primary (mainly) T cell immunodeficiency
• Whim syndrome: Table 21.2-5: Primary (mainly) T cell immunodeficiency
• Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome: Table 21.2-5: Primary (mainly) T cell immunodeficiency
• X-linked SCID: Table 21.2-5: Primary (mainly) T cell immunodeficiency
• ZAP-70 deficiency: Table 21.2-5: Primary (mainly) T cell immunodeficiency
• Refer to section 21.2

Insufficiency of the pituitary anterior lobe

• Table 34.2-2: Hypocortisolism

Intensive care

• Enzymes: Refer to section 1.1.3.3

Interleukin and interleukin receptor associated diseases

• Arthritis: Table 20.4-1: Behavior of TNF-α in diseases and different conditions
• CNS participation in acute lymphoplastic leukemia (ALL): Table 20.5-2: Behavior of sIL-2R in diseases and different conditions
• Infection: Table 20.2-2: Behavior of IL-6 in diseases and further conditions and
• Table 20.4-1: Behavior of TNF-α in diseases and different conditions
• Meningitis: Table 20.4-1: Behavior of TNF-α in diseases and different conditions
• Multiple sclerosis: Table 20.4-1: Behavior of TNF-α in diseases and different conditions and
• Table 20.5-2: Behavior of sIL-2R in diseases and different conditions
• Rheumatoid arthritis: Table 20.2-2: Behavior of IL-6 in diseases and different conditions
• Sepsis: Table 20.4-1: Behavior of TNF-α in diseases and different conditions and
• Table 20.2-2: Behavior of IL-6 in diseases and further conditions and
• Table 20.3-1: Behavior of IL-8 in diseases and further conditions
• sIL-2R: Table 20.5-1: Causes of elevated sIL-2R and
• Table 20.5-2: Behavior of sIL-2R in diseases and different conditions
• SIRS: Table 20.3-1: Behavior of IL-8 in diseases and different conditions and
• Table 20.4-1: Behavior of TNF-α in diseases and different conditions
• Thyroid disease: Table 20.3-1: Behavior of IL-8 in diseases and different conditions
• Traumatic brain injury: Table 20.2-2: Behavior of IL-6 in diseases and further conditions
• Trauma: Table 20.4-1: Behavior of TNF-α in diseases and different conditions
• Refer to chapter 20

Intestinal disorders

• Ileus, pancreatitis, colonic obstruction: Table 8.2-3: Diseases and causes that can lead to hypernatremia
• Intestinal loss of HCl: Vomiting, gastric juice drainage, chloridorrhea: Table 8.3-4: Diseases associated with a decrease in serum chloride
• Pancreatitis, peritonitis, ileus, burns: Table 8.2-2: Diseases and causes that can lead to hyponatremia
• Pyloric stenosis, gastrointestinal suction, drainages: Table 8.7-2: Diseases and conditions associated with hypokalemia
• Villous adenoma: Table 8.7-2: Diseases and conditions associated with hypokalemia
• Refer to chapter 14

Intestinal nematode infection

• Ascariasis: Section 44.4.2.1
• Enterobiasis (oxyuriasis): Section 44.4.1
• Other intestinal nematodes: Section 44.4.2
• Refer to chapter 44

Intestinal protozoan infection

• Amebiasis: Section 44.3.1
• Cryptosporidiosis: Section 44.3.4
• Giardiasis (lambliasis): Section 44.3.2
• Microsporidia: Section 44.3.6
• Other coccidia: Section 44.3.5
• Other intestinal flagellates: Section 44.3.3
• Refer to chapter 44

Intracerebral hämorrhage

• Factor XIII: Table 16.17-1: Hemostatic disorders in association with reduced FXIII concentration

Intraoperative care

• Acute loss of blood: Table 15.12-4: Diseases and conditions with neutrophilia and
• Table 15.3-8: Blood cell status in certain groups of individuals and patients and
• Table 15.11-8: Thrombocytopenias of various origin
• Hemostatic disorder: Table 16.10-3: Hämostatic disorders with prolonged thrombin time and
• Table 16.20-2: Hämostatic disorders with changes in antithrombin
• Inflammation marker: Table 19.1-6: Acute phase response induced by various inflammatory stimuli
• Intravascular coagulation: Table 16.16-2: Diseases and conditions associated with decreased fibrinogen
• Parathyroid hormone determination: Table 6.4-2: Diseases and conditions associated with hyper- and hypoparathyroidism
• Plasma volume increase: Table 15.4-3: Diseases and conditions with decreased HCT
• PTT, aPTT: Table 16.5-2: Diagnostically important examinations in perioperative patients
• Thrombocytopenia: Table 15.11-8: Thrombocytopenia of various origin
• Trauma: Table 20.2-2: Behaviour of IL-6 in diseases and further conditions

Intraoperative measurement of parathroid hormone

• Table 6.4-2: Diseases and conditions with hyper- and hypoparathyroidismus

Intrauterine pregnancy

• Laboratory tests: Table 38.1-11: Laboratory tests for suspected high risk pregnancy or high risk delivery

Iron deficient anemia

• β-Thalassemia: Table 7.4-3: sTfR in diseases and various clinical settings
• Bleeding: Table 7.1-3: Iron deficiency in healthy individuals and in diseases
• Blood donor: Table 7.1-3: Iron deficiency in healthy individuals and in diseases
• Cardiosiderosis: Table 7.4-3: sTfR in diseases and various clinical settings
• Children: Table 7.1-3: Iron deficiency in healthy individuals and in diseases and
• Table 7.4-3: sTfR in diseases and various clinical settings
• Chronic liver disease: Table 7.4-3: sTfR in diseases and various clinical settings
• ESA therapy: Table 7.5-3: Behavior of transferrin saturation in conditions of iron deficiency
• Fetus, newborn: Table 7.4-3: sTfR in diseases and various clinical settings
• Functional iron deficiency: Table 7.4-3: sTfR in diseases and various clinical settings
• Hemolytic anemia: Table 7.4-3: sTfR in diseases and various clinical settings
• Iron deficiency: Table 7.5-3: Behavior of transferrin saturation in conditions of iron deficiency
• Malabsorption: Table 7.1-3: Iron deficiency in healthy individuals and in diseases
• Megaloblastic anemia: Table 7.4-3: sTfR in diseases and various clinical settings
• Nutritive iron deficiency: Table 7.1-3: Iron deficiency in healthy individuals and in diseases
• Pregnancy: Table 7.1-3: Iron deficiency in healthy individuals and in diseases and
• Table 7.4-3: sTfR in diseases and various clinical settings
• Worm infection: Table 7.1-3: Iron deficiency in healthy individuals and in diseases
• Refer to section 15.3

Isolated deficiency of FSH or LH

• Table 37.3-3: Secondary hypogonadismus and mixed acquired hypogonadism

J

K

Kallmann syndrome

• Table 37.3-3: Secondary hypogonadismus and mixed acquired hypogonadism

Ketoacidosis

• Table 30.3-3: Diseases and conditions associated with changes in FT4 and/or TT4
• Refer to section 5.5.5.2

Ketone bodies

• Alcoholic ketoacidosis: Table 5.5-3: Diseases and conditions with ketonuria and/or ketonemia in non diabetics
• Congenital metabolic disease: Table 5.5-3: Diseases and conditions with ketonuria and/or ketonemia in non diabetics
• Diabetic ketoacidosis: Table 5.5-2: Behavior of ketone bodies in hyperglycemias
• Differential diagnosis: Table 5.5-4: Differential diagnosis of diabetic coma, hyperglycemic hyperosmolar, and non-ketotic syndrome (HHNS)
• HHNS: Table 5.5-2: Behavior of ketone bodies in hyperglycemias
• Lenten season, extreme physical stress: Table 5.5-3: Diseases and conditions with ketonuria and/or ketonemia in non diabetics
• Starving, HHNS: Table 5.5-2: Behavior of ketone bodies in hyperglycemias
• Refer to section 5.5

Kidney associated diseases and symptoms

• Bone disease: Table 1.3-4: Diseases of the skeletal system associated with increase in total ALP
• Diseases of hemostasis: Table 16.7-1: Hemostatic disorders in renal disease
• Hemolytic uremic syndrome: Table 16.7-1: Hemostatic disorders in renal disease
• Nephrolithiasis: Table 13.5-7: Disease associated with vitamin B6 deficiency
• Obesity: Table 12.9-6: Albuminuria as a marker of nephropathy and systemic disease
• Thrombopathy: Table 16.7-1: Hemostatic disorders in renal disease

Kidney disease/ kidney insufficiency

• Acute renal failure: Table 12.1-4: Acute renal failure: clinical and laboratory findings
• Acute rhabdomyolysis: Table 12.1-4: Acute renal failure: clinical and laboratory findings
• Anemia: Table 12.1-10: Chronic kidney disease in association with systemic disease
• Anticoagulation: Table 16.28-6: Mode of action, clinical significance and monitoring of anticoagulants
• Blood coagulation: Refer to section 16.7
• Blood gas analysis: Table 12.1-5: Diagnostically significant laboratory tests in acute renal failure
• Chronic renal disease: Table 15.3-8: Blood cell status in certain groups of individuals and patients
• Chronic hemodialysis: Table 13.4-4: Risk groups and diseases associated with folate deficiency
• Chronic progressive renal disease: Table 12.4-4: Diseases and conditions that can cause a change in serum creatinine
• Creatinine: Table 12.4-4: Diseases and conditions that can cause a change in serum creatinine
• Creatinine in serum: Table 12.1-5: Diagnostically significant laboratory tests in acute renal failure
• Cystatin C: Table 12.7-2: Diagnostic significance of cystatin C in impaired renal function
• Cystatin C increase: Table 19.4-3: Behavior of CRP in diseases associated with low-grade inflammation
• Erythropoietin: Table 15.10-3: Diseases and conditions with inadequately low increase in EPO concentration
• Folate deficiency: Table 13.4-4: Risk groups and diseases associated with folate deficiency
• Fractional sodium excretion (FeNa): Table 12.1-5: Diagnostically significant laboratory tests in acute renal failure
• General population: Table 12.9-6: Albuminuria, marker of nephropathy and systemic diseases
• Hemodialysis: Table 6.6-3: Diseases and conditions with modified 25(OH)D or 1,25 (OH)2D concentration and
• Table 21.2-10: Secondary immunodeficiency
• Table 12.6-4: Diseases and conditions that cause elevated serum urea
• Hemostatic disorders: Table 16.7-1: Hemostatic disorders in renal disease
• Hemolytic uremic syndrome: Table 16.7-1: Hemostatic disorders in renal disease
• Homocysteinemia: Table 13.1-4: Causes and diseases possibly associated with hyperhomocysteinemia
• Hypernatremia: Table 8.2-3: Diseases and causes that can lead to hyper natremia
• Hyperuricemia: Table 5.4-10: Association of hyperuricemia with other diseases
• Liver cirrhosis: Table 12.1-4: Acute renal failure: clinical and laboratory findings
• Mineral metabolism and chronic kidney disease: Table 12.1-10: Chronic kidney disease in association with systemic disease
• Neurological disorders: Table 12.1-10: Chronic kidney disease in association with systemic disease
• Neutrophil gelatinase associated lipocalin: Table 12.1-5: Diagnostically significant laboratory tests in acute renal failure
• Older people: Table 12.9-6: Albuminuria, marker of nephropathy and systemic diseases and
• Table 12.4-4: Diseases and conditions that can cause a change in serum creatinine
• Phosphate in serum: Table 12.1-5: Diagnostically significant laboratory tests in acute renal failure
• Potassium in serum: Table 12.1-5: Diagnostically significant laboratory tests in acute renal failure
• Pregnancy: Table 12.1-10: Chronic kidney disease in association with systemic disease
• Protein-rich diet: Table 12.6-4: Diseases and conditions that cause elevated serum urea
• Plasmatic factors: Table 16.7-1: Hemostatic disorders in renal disease
• Pyelonephritis: Table 19.5-1: PCT in the differential diagnosis of inflammatory disease
• Renal glucosuria: Table 3.4-2: Diseases and conditions associated with glucosuria
• Renal insufficiency: Table 8.2-2: Diseases and causes that can lead to hyponatremia and
• Table 8.7-3: Diseases and conditions associated with hyperkalemia
• Renal insufficiency, special form: Table 12.1-4: Acute renal failure - clinical and laboratory findings
• Renal insufficiency acquired in the hospital: Table 12.1-4: Acute renal failure: clinical and laboratory findings
• Renal osteodystrophy: Table 6.12-2: β-CTX (β-CrossLaps) in diseases with increased bone turnover
• Rheumatoid arthritis: Table 12.7-2: Diagnostic significance of cystatin C in impaired renal function
• Renal osteodystrophy: Table 1.3-4: Diseases of the skeletal system associated with elevated total ALP
• Sickle cell anemia: Table 12.1-10: Chronic kidney disease in association with systemic disease
• Sodium in serum: Table 12.1-5: Diagnostically significant laboratory tests in acute renal failure
• Systemic inflammation: Table 12.1-10: Chronic kidney disease in association with systemic disease
• Thrombocytosis: Table 15.11-7: Diseases and conditions with secondary thrombocytosis
• Thrombopathy: Table 16.7-1: Hemostatic disorders in renal disease and
• Table 16.2-8: Acquired thrombopathies
• Thyroid function: Table 12.1-10: Chronic kidney disease in association with systemic disease
• Toxic kidney damage: Table 3.4-2: Diseases and conditions associated with glucosuria
• Urea in serum: Table 12.1-5: Diagnostically significant laboratory tests in acute renal failure
• Urea: Table 12.6-4: Diseases and conditions that cause elevated serum urea
• Uremia: Table 3.2-1: Hypoglycemia syndromes in adults and
• Table 8.4-2: Metabolic acidosis with increased anion gap
• Ureterosigmoidostomy: Table 8.3-3: Diseases and disorders associated with an increase in serum chloride
• Urinary sediment: Table 12.1-5: Diagnostically significant laboratory tests in acute renal failure
• Urine tests: Table 12.3-3: Urine tests for evaluation of disorders of the kidney and the urinary tract
• Urine volume: Table 12.1-5: Diagnostically significant laboratory tests in acute renal failure
• Vitamin B12 deficiency: Table 13.3-4: Diseases and defects associated with vitamin B12 deficiency
• Vitamin D: Table 6.6-3: Diseases and conditions with modified 25(OH)D or 1,25 (OH)2D concentration
• Refer to chapter 12

Kidney stone disease

• Calcium oxalate calculi: Table 12.10-6: Renal stones
• Phosphate stone: Table 12.10-6: Renal stones
• Struvite stone: Table 12.10-6: Renal stones
• Uric acid stone: Table 12.10-6: Renal stones
• Refer to section 12.10

Kidney transplant

• ALP: Table 1.3-4: Diseases of the skeletal system associated with elevated total ALP
• Calcium: Table 6.2-4: Diseases that may cause hypocalcemia
• Cystatin C: Table 12.7-2: Diagnostic significance of cystatin C in impaired renal function
• Post transplantation lymphoproliferative disease: Table 12.7-2: Diagnostic significance of cystatin C in impaired renal function
• Renal transplant patient: Table 12.7-2: Diagnostic significance of cystatin C in impaired renal function
• Vitamin D: Table 6.6-3: Diseases and conditions with modified 25(OH)D or 1,25(OH)2D concentration
• Refer to section 12.1.5.7

Kidney tubular defects

• Bone disease: Table 1.3-4: Diseases of the skeletal system associated with elevated total ALP
• de Toni-Debré Fanconi-Syndrom: Table 1.3-4: Diseases of the skeletal system associated with elevated total ALP
• Phosphate diabetes: Table 1.3-4: Diseases of the skeletal system associated with elevated total ALP
• Phosphate diabetes in association with neurofibromatosis or mesenchymal tumors: Table 1.3-4: Diseases of the skeletal system associated with elevated total ALP
• Renal tubular acidosis: Table 9-4: Metabolic acidosis due to renal acid addition or bicarbonate subtraction
• Renal tubular acidosis type I + II: Table 1.3-4: Diseases of the skeletal system associated with elevated total ALP
• X-linked phosphate diabetes: Table 1.3-4: Diseases of the skeletal system associated with elevated total ALP
• Refer to chapter 12

Klinefelter syndrome

• Table 37.3-2: Primary hypogonadism

L

Leukemia

• Acute lymphocytic leukemia: Table 15.18-2: Terminology, frequency and phenotype of the immunological ALL subtypes
• Acute myeloid leukemia: Table 28.2-3: Oncogenes, oncogene products and tumor suppressor genes in cancer patients
• Chronic lymphocytic leukemia: Table 15.11-8: Thrombocytopenia of various origins
• Hodgkin’s disease: Table 15.11-8: Thrombocytopenia of various origins
• Large granular lymphocyte leukemia: Table 15.11-8: Thrombocytopenia of various origins
• Leukemia: Table 15.12-7: Secondary neutropenia
• Myelofibrosis: Table 15.17-5: Diagnosis criteria for primary myelofibrosis
• WHO classification: Table 15.15-3: WHO classification of AML and
• Table 15.17-3: WHO classification of CML based upon the morphological findings

Liddle syndrome

• Table 31.3-3: Disorders associated with low renin hypertension

Lipid metabolism disorder (see Dyslipidemia)

• Refer to chapter 4

Liver abscess

• ALP: Table 1.3-3: Hepatic and biliary tract disease possibly associated with elevated total ALP
• Aminotransferases: Table 1.6-3: Aminotransferases in patients with hepatopathy

Liver disease (generally)

• Aminotransferases: Table 1.6-3: Aminotransferases in patients with hepatopathies
• Cholestatic liver disease: Table 1.3-3: Hepatic and biliary tract diseases possibly associated with elevated ALP
• Cholinesterase (CHE): Table 1.7-4: Liver diseases possibly associated with decreased ChE activity
• CRP: Table 19.4-3: Behavior of CRP in diseases associated wit low-grade inflammation and
• Table 19.4-2: CRP in diseases associated with low to high-grade inflammation
• Enzymes: Refer to section 1.1.3.2
• GGT: Table 1.9-4: Serum GGT in diseases of the liver and bile ducts
• Hepatopathy: Table 1.2-5: Biomarkers in hepatopathies
• Hereditary hemochromatosis: Table 3.1-5: Laboratory findings in other types of diabetes
• Liver cirrhosis: Table 3.1-5: Laboratory findings in other types of diabetes
• Reactive oxygen species (ROS): Table 19.2-4: Diseases in which ROS have a significant pathogenetic role
• Liver transplant: Table 12.7-2: Diagnostic significance of cystatin C in impaired renal function
• Orthoptic liver transplantation: Table 12.1-10: Chronic kidney disease in association with systemic disease

Liver disease autoantibodies

• ANCA: Table 25.7-2: Autoantibodies of high relevance in autoimmune liver disease
• ASMA: Table 25.7-2: Autoantibodies of high relevance in autoimmune liver disease
• Anti-LC-1 (AIH Typ 2) antibodies: Table 25.7-2: Autoantibodies of high relevance in autoimmune liver disease
• Anti-soluble liver antigen antibodies (AIH Typ 1): Table 25.7-2: Autoantibodies of high relevance in autoimmune liver disease
• Anti-mitochondrial antibodies (AMA): Table 25.7-2: Autoantibodies of high relevance in autoimmune liver disease
• Anti-nuclear antibodies (ANA) in autoimmune hepatitis type 1: Table 25.7-2: Autoantibodies of high relevance in autoimmune liver disease
• Anti-nuclear antibodies (ANA) in primary biliary cirrhosis: Table 25.7-2: Autoantibodies of high relevance in autoimmune liver disease
• Autoimmune hepatitis: Table 25.7-1: Autoimmune liver diseases
• Primary biliary cholangitis: Table 25.7-1: Autoimmune liver diseases
• Refer to section 25.7

Liver cirrhosis

• Albumin: Table 18.4-2: Diseases and conditions associated with hypoalbuminemia
• Clotting factors: Table 16.6-1: Coagulopathy in liver disease and vitamin K deficiency
• Clotting inhibitors: Table 16.6-1: Coagulopathy in liver disease and vitamin K deficiency
• Cushing syndrome: Table 34.3-1: Conditions associated with pseudo-Cushing states
• Immunglobulins: Table 18.9-4: Pattern of IgG, IgA, IgM in liver disease
• Liver cirrhosis: Table 8.2-2: Diseases and causes that can lead to hyponatremia
• Liver transplant: Table 8.2-2: Diseases and causes that can lead to hyponatremia
• Mortality: Table 1.2-3: Mortality rate after 3 months as a function of the MELD score
• Primary biliary cirrhosis: Table 25.7-6: Assessment of AMA types and ANA in primary biliary cirrhosis
• Proteins of fibrinolysis: Table 16.6-1: Coagulopathy in liver disease and vitamin K deficiency
• Thrombocyte count: Table 16.6-1: Coagulopathy in liver disease and vitamin K deficiency
• Total protein: Table 18.2-3: Diseases and conditions that may cause hyperproteinemia
• Venovenous and venoarterial extracorporal membrane oxigenation: Table 15.5-4: Hemolysis and plasma free hemoglobin
• Vitamin K deficiency: Table 16.6-1: Coagulopathy in liver disease and vitamin K deficiency

Liver disease (hepatitis)

• Antithrombin: Table 16.6-1: Coagulopathy in liver disease and in vitamin K deficiency
• Aminotransferases: Table 1.6-2: Activities of serum ALT and percentage frequency in diseases of the liver and bile ducts
• Cholestasis: Table 16.6-1: Coagulopathy in liver disease and in vitamin K deficiency
• Gamma glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT): Table 1.9-4: Serum GGT in diseases of the liver and bile ducts
• GLD: Table 1.10-4: Serum GLD in diseases of the liver and bile ducts
• Factor V: Table 16.6-1: Coagulopathy in liver disease and in vitamin K deficiency
• Hepatitis A: Refer to section 43.25
• Hepatitis B: Refer to section 43.26 and
• Table 1.2-6: Hepatitis B states and
• Table 1.2-7: Assessment of patients with chronic hepatitis B
• Hepatitis C: Refer to section 43.27
• LD: Table 1.11-4: Serum LD in diseases of the liver and bile ducts
• Thrombocyte count: Table 15.11-2: Differentiation between primary and secondary thrombocytopenia

Liver metastases

• ALP: Table 1.3-3: Hepatic and biliary tract disease possibly associated with elevated total ALP
• AFP: Table 28.7-1: Elevated serum AFP concentrations
• Aminotransferases: Table 1.6-3: Aminotransferases in patients with hepatopathy
• ChE: Table 1.7-4: Liver diseases possibly associated with decreased ChE activity

Liver toxic damage

• Advanced liver parenchyma damage: Table 16.20-2: Hämostatic disorders with changes in antithrombin
• Antithrombin: Table 16.6-1: Coagulopathy in liver disease and vitamin K deficiency
• Cholestasis: Table 16.6-1: Coagulopathy in liver disease and vitamin K deficiency
• F VII: Table 16.6-1: Coagulopathy in liver disease and vitamin K deficiency
• F VIII: Table 16.6-1: Coagulopathy in liver disease and vitamin K deficiency
• F XI and F XII: Table 16.6-1: Coagulopathy in liver disease and vitamin K deficiency
• F XIII: Table 16.6-1: Coagulopathy in liver disease and vitamin K deficiency
• Hepatectomy: Table 16.16-3: Diseases and conditions associated with increased fibrinogen
• Metastasis: Table 16.8-3: Hemostasis in malignant disease
• Mortality: Table 1.2-3: Mortality rate after 3 months as a function of the MELD score
• Plasma thrombin time: Table 16.6-1: Coagulopathy in liver disease and vitamin K deficiency
• Plasminogen: Table 16.25-1: Diseases and conditions associated with abnormal PA and PAI concentrations
• Protein C: Table 16.6-1: Coagulopathy in liver disease and vitamin K deficiency
• Toxic liver failure: Table 16.10-3: Hemostatic disorders with prolonged plasma thrombin time
• Vitamin K deficiency: Table 16.10-3: Hemostatic disorders with prolonged plasma thrombin time and
• Table 16.6-1: Coagulopathy in liver disease and vitamin K deficiency

Liver tumor

• AFP: Table 28.7-1: Elevated serum AFP concentrations and
• Table 28.7-2: AFP concentrations during therapy
• Hepatocellular carcinoma: Table 14.5-5: CgA in neuroendocrine tumors and other diseases and
• Table 28.6-4: Tumor markers in cancers

Loss of coagulation factors

• Amyloidosis: Table 16.15-2: Hemostatic disorders associated with acquired reduction in coagulation factors
• Ascites: Table 16.15-2: Hemostatic disorders associated with acquired reduction in coagulation factors
• Nephrotic syndrome: Table 16.15-2: Hemostatic disorders associated with acquired reduction in coagulation factors

Low T3 syndrome

• Table 30.3-6: Prevalence of low T3 in chronic kidney disease

Lung carcinoma

• Adenocarcinoma, large cell carcinoma: Table 28.14-5: Cyfra 21-1 in non small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)
• Assessment of the course of NSCLC: Table 28.14-5: Cyfra 21-1 in NSCLC
• Benign disease: Table 28.14-4: Cyfra 21-1 in benign disease
• Cyfra: Table 28.14-1: Use of Cyfra in combination with other tumor markers in lung cancer and
• Table 28.14-2: Diagnostic sensitivity of Cyfra 21-1 in malignant disease and
• Table 28.14-3: Cyfra 21-1 cutoffs in healthy individuals and in benign disease and
• Table 28.14-4: Cyfra 21-1 in benign diseases and
• Table 28.14-5: Cyfra 21-1 in NSCLC
• Doubtful nodule in the lungs: Table 28.14-5: Cyfra 21-1 in non small cell lung cancer
• Lung cancer: Table 28.2-3: Oncogenes, oncogene products and tumor suppressor genes in cancer patients
• NSE: Table 28.18-2: Diagnostic sensitivity of NSE in benign and malignant diseases
• ProGRP: Table 28.23-2: ProGRP in healthy individuals and in patients with malignant tumors
• Small cell lung cancer: Table 14.5-5: CgA in neuroendocrine tumors and other disease
• Squamous cell carcinoma: Table 28.14-5: Cyfra 21-1 in non small cell lung cancer
• Tumor markers: Table 28.6-4: Tumor markers in cancers
• Unclear round focus in the lung: Table 28.14-5: Cyfra 21-1 in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)
• Refer to chapter 28

Lung disease in general

• Alpha₁-antitrypsin (AAT) deficiency: Table 18.5-1: AAT deficiency and associated diseases and
• Table 18.5-3: Clinical manifestations of AAT deficiency
• AVP und CT-proAVP: Table 8.6-8: Disorders of the water balance with increase of AVP and CT-proAVP
• BAL cell types: Table 48-3: Disorders associated with increased percentage of specific BAL cell types
• Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL): Table 48-2: Lung diseases where the BAL provides useful information on diagnostics and therapy
• Chronic hypercapnia in respiratory insufficiency: Table 8.3-4: Diseases associated with a decrease in serum chloride
• Chronic hyperventilation: Table 8.3-3: Diseases and disorders associated with increase in serum chloride
• Hämosiderosis: Table 48-6: Non infectious diseases in which BAL can provide useful information
• Infection: Table 48-4: Pathogen detection in BAL in infectious diseases of the lung
• Interstitial lung disease: Table 48-6: Non infectious diseases in which BAL can provide useful information
• Table 28.18-2: Diagnostic sensitivity of NSE in benign and malignant diseases

Lung infestation in systemic diseases

• Bronchoalveolar lavage: Table 48-6: Non infectious diseases in which BAL can provide useful information
• Eosinophilic pneumonia: Table 15.12-11: Differential diagnosis of eosinophilia
• Pneumocystis carinii infection: Table 1.11-4: Diseases that may cause elevated LD in serum

Lung maturity

• Lamellar body count: Table 38.5-2: Significance of lung maturity tests
• Lecithin-Sphingomyelin-Quotient (L/S-Ratio): Table 38.6-2: Significance of lung maturity tests
• Rapid immunological test: Table 38.5-2: Significance of lung maturity tests

Lupus anticoagulant

• Anti phospholipid syndrome: Table 16.22-3: Diseases associated with the anti phospholipid syndrome
• APTT: Table 16.11-1: Hemostatic disorders with prolonged aPTT associated with the anti phospholipid syndrome
• Criteria: Table 16.22-2: Revised classification criteria for the anti phospholipid syndrome
• Prothrombin time: Table 16.10-3: Hemostatic disorders with prolonged prothrombin time
• Refer to section 16.22.2.1

Lupus erythematosus (SLE)

• Antibodies: Table 25.2-4: Prevalence of antibody findings in systemic autoimmune diseases
• HLA: Table 25.1-1: HLA associations with autoimmune diseases
• Hypophosphatemia: Table 6.3-3: Diseases and conditions associated with hypophosphatemia
• Rheumatoid factor: Table 25.3-1: Prevalence of rheumatoid factors in rheumatic and other diseases
• Table 25.1-8: Systemic autoimmune disease
• Refer to chapter 25

Lymphopenia

• Bacteremia: Table 15.12-9: Diseases and conditions with lymphopenia
• Chemotherapy: Table 15.12-9: Diseases and conditions with lymphopenia
• Congenital immunodeficiency: Table 15.12-9: Diseases and conditions with lymphopenia
• HIV Infection: Table 15.12-9: Diseases and conditions with lymphopenia
• Systemic lupus erythematosus: Table 15.12-9: Diseases and conditions with lymphopenia
• Tuberculosis: Table 15.12-9: Diseases and conditions with lymphopenia
• Refer to section 15.12.5.4

M

Macro TSH

• Table 30.2-5: TSH in thyroid disease and non-thyroidal illness

Magnesium deficiency

• Bartter Syndrom: Table 10.5-2: Diseases and conditions with magnesium deficiency
• FHHNC: Table 10.5-2: Diseases and conditions with magnesium deficiency
• Gitelman Syndrom: Table 10.5-2: Diseases and conditions with magnesium deficiency
• HSH: Table 10.5-2: Diseases and conditions with magnesium deficiency
• IRH: Table 10.5-2: Diseases and conditions with magnesium deficiency
• Isolated dominant hypomagnesemia: Table 10.5-2: Diseases and conditions with magnesium deficiency
• SeSAME syndrome: Table 10.5-2: Diseases and conditions with magnesium deficiency

Malabsorption/maldigestion

• Carbohydrate malassimilation: Table 14.3-3: Diseases producing malabsorption
• Carcinoid tumor: Table 14.5-2: Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) of the gastroenteropancreatic system
• Celiac disease: Table 14.3-3: Diseases producing malabsorption
• Disorders: Table 14.3-3: Diseases producing malabsorption
• D-xylose test: Table 14.3-7: Gastrointestinal diseases with decreased D-xylose excretion
• Fructose­ malabsorption: Table 14.3-10: Primary and secondary carbohydrate malabsorption
• Lactose­ intolerance: Table 14.3-10: Primary and secondary carbohydrate malabsorption
• Malabsorption syndrome: Table 14.2-9: Diseases associated with increased fecal fat excretion
• Maldigestion in chronic pancreatitis: Table 14.2-9: Diseases associated with increased fecal fat excretion
• Secondary fructose ­malabsorption: Table 14.3-10: Primary and secondary carbohydrate malabsorption and
• Table 14.3-10: Primary and secondary carbohydrate malabsorption
• Sorbitol malabsorption: Table 14.3-10: Primary and secondary carbohydrate malabsorption
• Refer to chapter 14

Male reproductive axis

• Table 37.9-1: Clinical application of inhibin determination

Malfunction of the thyroid

• Athyroidism: Table 28.22-2: Serum Tg levels in non-cancerous thyroid disease
• Pathological adiposity: Table 30.2-5: TSH in thyroid disease and non-thyroidal illness
• Table 30.1-4: Subclinical thyroid function disorder
• Table 30.2-5: TSH in thyroid disease and non-thyroidal illness
• Table 30.5-2: TPOAk in thyroid disease
• Refer to section 30.1

Malignant and non-malignant tumors

• Acute-phase response: Table 19.1-6: Acute-phase response induced by various inflammatory stimuli
• Adrenal cortex tumor: Table 34.9-2: DHEAS in hyperandrogenism
• Anemia: Table 15.3-11: Classification and differentiation of normocytic anemias and
• Table 15.10-2: Diseases and conditions associated with an adequate rise in EPO concentration
• Blood coagulation: Refer to section 16.8
• Bone metastases: Table 6.9-2: Diseases with increased osteocalcin concentration and
• Table 6.12-2: β-CTX (β-CrossLaps) in diseases with increased bone turnover
• Breast carcinoma: Table 16.25-1: Diseases and conditions associated with abnormal PA and PAI concentrations
• Cholin: Table 13.6-4: Cholin deficiency associated diseases
• Chronic lymphoblastic leukemia: Table 21.2-10: Secondary immunodeficiency
• Colon cancer: Table 6.6-3: Diseases and conditions with modified 25(OH)D or 1,25 (OH)2D concentration and
• Table 13.4-4: Risk groups and diseases associated with folate deficiency
• Table 14.3-13: Fecal calprotectin in functional and inflammatory intestinal diseases and
• Table 14.4-1: FOBT for the diagnosis of colorectal cancer (CRC) and advanced adenoma detection of CRC and of adenoma and
• Table 14.5-5: CgA in neuroendocrine tumors and other diseases
• CRP: Table 19.4-2: CRP in diseases associated with mild to high-grade inflammation
• D-Dimer: Table 26.27-2: Behavior of D-Dimer concentration in thromboembolic events
• Endogenous thrombin potential (ETP): Table 16.14-1: Hemostatic disorders with changes in ETP
• Eosinophilia: Table 15.12-11: Differential diagnosis of eosinophilia
• Erythropoietin: Table 15.10-4: Diseases and conditions with a disproportionate rise in EPO concentration
• Estradiol secreting tumors: Table 37.5-2: Diseases and conditions associated with changes in estradiol levels
• Factor XIII: Table 16.17-1: Hämostatic disorders in association with reduced FXIII concentration
• Hematologic disorder: Table 6.5-2: Diseases and conditions with increased PTHrP values
• Hemostasis: Table 16.8-3: Hemostasis in malignant disease
• Hepatocellular carcinoma: Table 14.5-5: CgA in neuroendocrine tumors and other diseases
• Hypercalcemia: Table 6.2-3: Diseases that can cause hypercalcemia
• Hungry bone syndrome: Table 6.2-4: Diseases that may cause hypocalcemia
• Leukemia: Table 8.7-2: Diseases and conditions associated with hypokalemia and
• Table 16.8-3: Hemostasis in malignant disease and
• Table 16.17-1: Hemostatic disorders in association with reduced FXIII concentration and
• Leukemia therapy: Table 6.2-4: Diseases that may cause hypocalcemia
• Metastatic disease: Table 6.2-7: Diseases associated with increased urinary calcium excretion
• Monoclonal gammopathy: Table 16.2-8: Acquired thrombocytopathies
• Multiple myeloma: Table 15.10-3: Diseases and conditions with inadequately low increase in EPO concentration and
• Table 16.8-3: Hemostasis in malignant disease and
• Table 21.2-10: Secondary immunodeficiency
• Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2: Table 32.1-4: Hereditary syndromes associated with pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma
• Myeloproliferative syndrome: Table 16.8-3: Hemostasis in malignant disease
• Neuroendocrine tumors and other diseases: Table 13.4-4: Risk groups and diseases associated with folate deficiency
• Neutrophilia: Table 15.12-4: Diseases and conditions with neutrophilia
• Non-secretory tumor of the pituitary: Table 37.3-3: Secodary hypogonadism and mixed acquired hypogonadism
• Neuroblastoma:Table 32.2-3: Biologic and clinical subtypes of neuroblastoma and
• Table 32.2-4: Neuroblastoma: prognostic factors
• Osteoblastic metastases: Table 6.2-4: Diseases that may cause hypocalcemia
• Osteopathy: Table 6.1-5: Bone metabolism in puberty, pregnancy, and with osteoporosis
• Pancreatic carcinoma: Table 13.4-4: Risk groups and diseases associated with folate deficiency
• Pituitary tumor and parathyroid cancer: Table 14.5-5: CgA in neuroendocrine tumors and other diseases
• PPom (Pancreatic polypeptide producing endocrine tumor): Table 14.5-11: Diseases and conditions with elevated PP concentration
• Renin producing tumors: Table 31.4-9: Secondary hyperaldosteronism, mineralocorticoid excess and hypertension
• Prostate carcinoma: Table 14.5-5: CgA in neuroendocrine tumors and other diseases and
• Table 16.8-3: Hemostasis in malignant disease
• Secondary immunodeficiency: Table 21.2-10: Secondary immunodeficiency
• Serum Amyloid A (SAA): Table 19.6-3: SAA in inflammatory diseases
• Small cell lung cancer: Table 14.5-5: CgA in neuroendocrine tumors and other diseases
• Solide tumors: Table 16.8-3: Hemostasis in malignant disease
• Stem cell transplantation: Table 16.8-3: Hemostasis in malignant disease
• Thrombocytopenia: Table 15.11-8: Thrombocytopenia of various origins
• Thrombocytosis: Table 15.11-7: Diseases and conditions with secondary thrombocytosis
• Thyroid carcinoma: Table 30.1-3: Primary thyroid disorders associated with hyper-, hypo- and euthyroidism
• Toxic adenoma: Table 30.1-3: Primary thyroid disorders associated with hyper-, hypo- and euthyroidism
• Tobacco-related cancer: Table 6.6-3: Diseases and conditions with modified 25(OH)D or 1,25 (OH)2D concentration
• Tumor lysis syndrome: Table 6.3-4: Diseases and conditions associated with hyperphosphatemia and
• Table 8.7-3: Diseases and conditions associated with hyperkalemia
• Vitamin B6: Table 13.5-7: Vitamine B6 deficiency associated disease
• Water balance: Table 8.6-8: Disorders of the water balance with increase of AVP and CT-proAVP
• Refer to chapter 28

Malignant tumors (bone involvement)

• Corticosteroid induced osteoporosis: Table 1.3-7: Diseases associated with low ALP levels
• Osteomalacia: Table 1.3-4: Diseases of the skeletal system associated with elevated total ALP
• Osteoporosis: Table 1.3-4: Diseases of the skeletal system associated with elevated total ALP
• Osteosarcoma, Ewing sarcoma: Table 1.3-5: ALP as biomarker in malignant tumors and bone metastases

Malignant tumor (laboratory investigations)

• Acute-phase proteins: Table 19.1-6: Acute-phase response induced by various inflammatory stimuli
• Ammonia durin chemotherapy: Table 5.1-6: Acquired hyperammonemia
• Calprotectin: Table 14.3-13: Fecal calprotectin in functional and inflammatory intestinal diseases
• Chromogranin A (CgA): Table 14.5-5: CgA in neuroendocrine tumors and other diseases
• CRP: Table 19.4-2: CRP in diseases associated with mild to high-grade inflammation
• Enzymes: Refer to section 1.1.3.6
• Occult blood in feces: Table 14.4-1: FOBT for the diagnosis of colorectal cancer and advanced adenoma detection
• Oncogenes: Table 28.2-3: Oncogenes, oncogene products and tumor suppressor genes in cancer patients
• Pancreatic polypeptide (PP) Table 14.5-11: Diseases and conditions with elevated PP concentration
• Serum Amyloid A (SAA): Table 19.6-3: SAA in ininflammatory diseases
• Tumor marker: Refer to chapter 28
• Vitamin B6: Table 13.5-7: Vitamine B6 deficiency associated diseases
• Refer to chapter 28

Malignant tumor therapeutic monitoring

• Ammonia: Chemotherapy: Table 5.1-6: Acquired hyperammonemia
• Chemotherapy: Table 15.12-9: Diseases and conditions with lymphopenia
• Cisplatin: Table 16.8-3: Hemostasis in malignant disease
• Cytostatic therapy: Table 16.8-3: Hemostasis in malignant disease
• G-CSF: Table 1.11-4: Diseases that may cause elevated lactate dehyrogenase (LD) in serum
• Hormone therapy: Table 16.8-3: Hemostasis in malignant disease
• Inflammation: Table 19.4-2: CRP in diseases associated with mild to high-grade inflammation
• Radio therapy: Table 16.8-3: Hemostasis in malignant disease
• Surgery: Table 16.8-3: Hemostasis in malignant disease

Medication

• Antacid drug therapy: Table 6.3-3: Diseases and conditions associated with hypophosphatemia
• Antiepileptic drug therapie: Table 6.2-4: Diseases that may cause hypocalcemia
• Cyclosporin: Table 31.4-9: Secondary hyperaldosteronism, mineralocorticoid excess and hypertension
• Diuretics: Table 6.2-4: Diseases that may cause hypocalcemia
• Furosemide, etacrynic acid: Table 6.2-4: Diseases that may cause hypocalcemia
• Glucocorticoid therapy: Table 6.2-4: Diseases that may cause hypocalcemia
• Hypogonadism: Table 37.3-3: Secondary hypogonadismus and mixed acquired hypogonadism
• Leukemia therapy: Table 6.2-4: Diseases that may cause hypocalcemia
• Metyrapon: Table 34.3-2: Hypercortisolism and Cushing’s syndrome
• Thiazides: Table 6.2-3: Diseases that can cause hypercalcemia
• Vitamin A overdose: Table 6.2-3: Diseases that can cause hypercalcemia
• Vitamin D overdose: Table 6.2-3: Diseases that can cause hypercalcemia

Medullary thyroid cancer (MTC)

• Athyreosis: Table 28.22-2: Serum throglobulin (Tg) levels in non-cancerous thyroid disease
• Autonomous adenoma: Table 28.22-2: Serum Tg levels in non-cancerous thyroid disease
• Bacterial infection: Table 28.12-2: Elevated calcitonin without the presence of medullary thyroid cancer
• C-cell hyperplasia: Table 28.12-2: Elevated calcitonin without the presence of medullary thyroid cancer
• Calcitonin: Table 28.12-3: Serum calcitonin in medullary thyroid carcinoma
• Carcinoma: Table 30.1-3: Primary thyroid disorders associated with hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism or euthyroidism
• Chronic alcoholism: Table 28.12-2: Elevated calcitonin without the presence of medullary thyroid cancer
• Euthyroid goiter: Table 28.22-2: Serum Tg levels in non cancerous thyroid disease
• Goiter nodosa: Table 28.22-2: Serum Tg levels in non cancerous thyroid disease
• Graves’ disease: Table 28.22-2: Serum Tg levels in non cancerous thyroid disease
• Hashimoto thyroiditis: Table 28.12-2: Elevated calcitonin without the presence of medullary thyroid cancer
• Pentagastrin stimulation test: Table 28.12-2: Elevated calcitonin without the presence of medullary thyroid cancer
• Pl3k and AKT: Table 28.2-1: Examples of proto oncogenes and oncogenes and their clinical significance
• Postoperative behavior of calcitonin: Table 28.12-3: Serum calcitonin in medullary thyroid carcinoma
• Proton pump inhibitors: Table 28.12-2: Elevated calcitonin without the presence of medullary thyroid cancer
• Salmon calcitonin: Table 28.12-2: Elevated calcitonin without the presence of medullary thyroid cancer
• Thyroiditis de Quervain: Table 28.22-2: Serum Tg levels in non cancerous thyroid disease
• Thyroiditis factitious: Table 28.22-2: Serum Tg levels in non cancerous thyroid disease

Melanoma

• S100: Table 28.20-2: Diseases that can be associated with elevated serum S100 level

Meningitis

• CSF tests: Table 46-11: Typical findings of CSF-tests in neurologic diseases
• PCR: Table 46-13: PCR investigations in meningitis and enzephalitis
• Refer to section 46.4.1

Menopause

• Time to menopause: Table 37.10-1: Clinical application of anti-Müller Hormon (AMH) determination

Metabolic acidosis

• Phosphate: Table 6.3-4: Diseases and conditions associated with hyperphosphatemia
• Refer to chapter 9

Metabolic disorders

• Diabetes mellitus: Refer to chapter 3
• Diabetic ketoacidosis: Table 8.4-2: Metabolic acidosis with increased anion gap
• Dyslipidemia: Refer to chapter 4
• Ketonuria: Table 8.2-2: Diseases and causes that can lead to hyponatremia
• Lactate acidosis: Table 8.4-2: Metabolic acidosis with increased anion gap
• Wilson disease: Table 8.8-9: Hyperkaliuric hypokalemia and
• Refer to section 18.7.5.3